diff --git a/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphAsyncProjection.ts b/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphAsyncProjection.ts
index 9e597bc565..97f97c6d14 100644
--- a/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphAsyncProjection.ts
+++ b/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphAsyncProjection.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   addSemanticGraphUnknown,
 } from "./JavaScriptSemanticGraphConstruction.js";
 import {
+  inferredSemanticEvidenceAt,
   unknownSemanticEvidence,
   builtinSemanticNode,
   builtinSemanticRelation,
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ export const projectSemanticEvents = (
         source: eventEmitterNode(context, operation),
         target: event,
         relation,
+        evidence: inferredSemanticEvidenceAt(context.file, operation.location),
         resolution:
           operation.resolution === "complete" ? "resolved" : "candidate",
       });
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ export const projectSemanticEvents = (
         source: event,
         target: listener,
         relation,
+        evidence: inferredSemanticEvidenceAt(context.file, operation.location),
         resolution:
           operation.resolution === "complete" ? "resolved" : "candidate",
       });
diff --git a/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphBuilder.ts b/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphBuilder.ts
index ea29bb7cbf..c1e4ade32c 100644
--- a/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphBuilder.ts
+++ b/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphBuilder.ts
@@ -480,10 +480,8 @@ export const createJavaScriptSemanticGraphProjection = (
           limit,
         );
       }
-      state.fileNodeBudget = Math.min(
-        fileNodeCeiling,
-        Math.max(0, nodeCeiling - state.nodes.size),
-      );
+      const remainingTreeBudget = Math.max(0, nodeCeiling - state.nodes.size);
+      state.fileNodeBudget = Math.min(fileNodeCeiling, remainingTreeBudget);
       const module = retainNode(state, file, {
         kind: "module",
         roleKey: "module",
@@ -493,6 +491,14 @@ export const createJavaScriptSemanticGraphProjection = (
       });
       state.fileNodeBudget = null;
       if (module !== null) state.roots.add(module.node_id);
+      else {
+        truncatedFiles += 1;
+        noteSemanticCeilingReached(
+          nodeCeilingsReached,
+          remainingTreeBudget,
+          fileNodeCeiling,
+        );
+      }
       const evidence = {
         ...observedSemanticEvidence(file, null),
         authority: "unknown" as const,
diff --git a/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphDataProjection.ts b/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphDataProjection.ts
index 69fe3cdf52..796ca7a839 100644
--- a/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphDataProjection.ts
+++ b/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphDataProjection.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import {
   addSemanticGraphUnknown,
 } from "./JavaScriptSemanticGraphConstruction.js";
 import {
+  inferredSemanticEvidenceAt,
   builtinSemanticNode,
   builtinSemanticRelation,
   unknownSemanticEvidence,
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ export const projectSemanticRequests = (
     if (request === undefined) continue;
     if (operation.kind === "request")
       projectRequestConstruction(context, operation, request);
-    else projectResponseConsumer(context, operation, request);
+    else projectResponseConsumer(context, operation, request, requestNodes);
     if (operation.resolution !== "complete")
       addDataUnknown({
         context,
@@ -224,16 +225,31 @@ const projectResponseConsumer = (
   context: SemanticFlowProjectionContext,
   operation: JavaScriptSemanticRequestOperation,
   response: JavaScriptSemanticGraphNode,
+  requestNodes: ReadonlyMap<string, JavaScriptSemanticGraphNode>,
 ): void => {
+  const authority = builtinSemanticRelation(
+    context.file,
+    operation,
+    operation.resolution === "complete" ? "resolved" : "candidate",
+  );
+  const evidence =
+    authority.evidence ??
+    inferredSemanticEvidenceAt(context.file, operation.location);
+  for (const requestId of operation.linkedRequestIds)
+    addSemanticGraphRelation(context.state, {
+      source: requestNodes.get(requestId),
+      target: response,
+      relation: "consumed-by",
+      ...authority,
+      evidence,
+      properties: { method: operation.method },
+    });
   addSemanticGraphRelation(context.state, {
     source: response,
     target: context.callSiteAt(operation.location),
     relation: "consumed-by",
-    ...builtinSemanticRelation(
-      context.file,
-      operation,
-      operation.resolution === "complete" ? "resolved" : "candidate",
-    ),
+    ...authority,
+    evidence,
     properties: { method: operation.method },
   });
 };
diff --git a/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphObjectProjection.ts b/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphObjectProjection.ts
index d8cdb54ec9..7f414fb7bc 100644
--- a/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphObjectProjection.ts
+++ b/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticGraphObjectProjection.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@ import {
   addSemanticGraphRelation,
   addSemanticGraphUnknown,
 } from "./JavaScriptSemanticGraphConstruction.js";
-import { unknownSemanticEvidence } from "./JavaScriptSemanticGraphEvidence.js";
+import {
+  inferredSemanticEvidenceAt,
+  unknownSemanticEvidence,
+} from "./JavaScriptSemanticGraphEvidence.js";
 import type { SemanticFlowProjectionContext } from "./JavaScriptSemanticGraphFlowProjection.js";
 import { semanticPropertySlot } from "./JavaScriptSemanticGraphValueProjection.js";
 
@@ -47,6 +50,7 @@ export function* projectSemanticObjects(
       ...ends,
       relation: OBJECT_RELATIONS[operation.kind],
       resolution: resolved ? "resolved" : "candidate",
+      evidence: inferredSemanticEvidenceAt(context.file, operation.location),
     });
     if (!resolved)
       addObjectUnknown(context, operation, target.slot ?? occurrence, target);
diff --git a/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticUnknownCapacity.test.ts b/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticUnknownCapacity.test.ts
index 6a95a43dfb..e74c6f5e43 100644
--- a/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticUnknownCapacity.test.ts
+++ b/src/application/javascript/JavaScriptSemanticUnknownCapacity.test.ts
@@ -340,3 +340,37 @@ it("bounds reads within unmodeled nested operator operands", () => {
   );
   expect(trace.status).not.toBe("found");
 });
+
+it.each([1, 2])(
+  "reports unavailable-module node omission only when total capacity %s rejects it",
+  (totalNodes) => {
+    const projection = createJavaScriptSemanticGraphProjection({
+      totalNodes,
+      fileNodes: 10,
+    });
+    const retained = source("retained.js", "");
+    projection.projectFile(retained, analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(""));
+    projection.recordUnavailableFile(
+      source("unavailable.js"),
+      "Source unavailable",
+      null,
+      "incomplete-module",
+    );
+    const graph = projection.finish(digest, application);
+    expect(graph.nodes).toHaveLength(totalNodes);
+    expect(graph.unknowns).toHaveLength(12);
+    expect(graph.coverage).toMatchObject({
+      status: "partial",
+      truncated: totalNodes === 1,
+      omitted_nodes: null,
+    });
+    if (totalNodes === 1) {
+      expect(graph.coverage.limits).toContainEqual({
+        name: "max_semantic_nodes",
+        value: 1,
+        unit: "items",
+      });
+      expect(graph.limitations.join("\n")).toContain("max_semantic_nodes is 1");
+    } else expect(graph.coverage.limits).toEqual([]);
+  },
+);
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/electronWrappedCallPaths.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/electronWrappedCallPaths.test.ts
index 9d6a47ee3f..deffeb4731 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/electronWrappedCallPaths.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/electronWrappedCallPaths.test.ts
@@ -735,6 +735,32 @@ it("connects exposed closures to IPC sends and text clipboard calls", () => {
   expect(ipcPath?.steps.at(-1)).toBeDefined();
   expect(ipcFinding?.location).toEqual(ipcPath?.steps.at(-1)?.location);
 });
+it("uses a defineProperty value that replaces an exported sender", () => {
+  const result = analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(`(() => {
+      const modules = {
+        2(module) { module.exports = require("electron"); },
+        9(module,exports,load) {
+          const electron=load(2),helper=load(5);
+          electron.contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld("desktop", {copy:helper.sender("defined:copy")});
+        },
+        5(module,exports,load) {
+          const electron=load(2);
+          exports.sender=function(){return ()=>{};};
+          Object.defineProperty(exports,"sender",{value:function(channel){return (...args)=>send(channel,...args);}});
+          function send(channel,...args){electron.ipcRenderer.send(channel,...args);}
+        }
+      };
+      function load(id) { const m={exports:{}}; modules[id].call(m.exports,m,m.exports,load); return m.exports; }
+      load(9);
+    })();`);
+  expect(result.electron.call_paths).toContainEqual(
+    expect.objectContaining({
+      entry: "desktop.copy",
+      channel: "defined:copy",
+      terminal: "electron.ipcRenderer.send",
+    }),
+  );
+});
 it("resolves a helper factory listed after its bundle consumer", () => {
   const result = analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(`(() => {
       const modules = {
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptBootstrapIntegrity.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptBootstrapIntegrity.ts
index 7870abe4c3..8dc5737529 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptBootstrapIntegrity.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptBootstrapIntegrity.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 import * as t from "@babel/types";
 
 import type { javascriptBootstrapAt } from "./javascriptBootstrap.js";
-import { semanticStaticPropertyKey } from "./javascriptAstValues.js";
+import {
+  semanticStaticPropertyKey,
+  semanticWriteSiteTarget,
+  semanticWriteTargets,
+} from "./javascriptAstValues.js";
 import { semanticIdentifierRole } from "./javascriptSemanticProjection.js";
 import {
   resolveSemanticBindingState,
@@ -285,8 +289,13 @@ const moduleObjectContained = (
   state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
 ): boolean => {
   let contained = true;
+  const writtenTargets = new Set<t.Node>();
   traverseJavaScriptValueAst(loader.body, state.erasedSyntaxNodes, {
     enter: (node, parent, readAncestors) => {
+      const target = semanticWriteSiteTarget(node);
+      if (target !== null)
+        for (const leaf of semanticWriteTargets(target))
+          writtenTargets.add(leaf);
       if (!contained || !t.isIdentifier(node) || parent === null) return;
       const ancestors = readAncestors();
       if (semanticIdentifierRole(node, parent, () => ancestors) === null)
@@ -294,7 +303,7 @@ const moduleObjectContained = (
       if (bindingOf(state, node) !== moduleId) return;
       contained =
         !ancestors.some((ancestor) => t.isFunction(ancestor)) &&
-        moduleUse(node, [parent, ancestors.at(-2)], dispatch);
+        moduleUse(node, parent, dispatch, writtenTargets.has(parent));
     },
   });
   return contained;
@@ -302,21 +311,18 @@ const moduleObjectContained = (
 
 const moduleUse = (
   node: t.Identifier,
-  [parent, grandparent]: readonly [t.Node, t.Node | undefined],
+  parent: t.Node,
   dispatch: t.CallExpression,
+  written: boolean,
 ): boolean => {
   if (parent === dispatch) return dispatch.arguments.includes(node);
   if (!t.isMemberExpression(parent) || parent.object !== node) return false;
   const key = semanticStaticPropertyKey(parent.property, parent.computed);
-  const written =
-    (t.isAssignmentExpression(grandparent) && grandparent.left === parent) ||
-    t.isUpdateExpression(grandparent) ||
-    t.isUnaryExpression(grandparent, { operator: "delete" });
   if (written) return key !== null && key !== "exports";
   if (key !== "exports") return false;
   // `module.exports` passed to the factory, or read after the dispatch ran.
   return (
-    grandparent === dispatch ||
+    dispatch.arguments.some((argument) => argument === parent) ||
     (parent.start ?? -1) > (dispatch.end ?? Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY)
   );
 };
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.test.ts
index ca6a1cbbd2..5044197dcc 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.test.ts
@@ -10,9 +10,54 @@ import {
   completeSemanticSteps,
   traverseJavaScriptAst,
 } from "./javascriptSemanticTraversal.js";
-import { createGlobalReferenceReader } from "./javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.js";
+import {
+  createGlobalPathReader,
+  createGlobalReferenceReader,
+} from "./javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.js";
 import { parseJavaScriptSource } from "./javascriptSourceParser.js";
 
+it.each([
+  [
+    "await value; Object.prototype.then=null; await value;",
+    ["unmodified", "null"],
+  ],
+  [
+    "Object.prototype.then=function(resolve){resolve()}; await value;",
+    ["function"],
+  ],
+  ["if(flag) Object.prototype.then=null; await value;", ["unknown"]],
+  ["mutate(Object.prototype); await value;", ["unknown"]],
+  ["await value; mutate(Object.prototype);", ["unmodified"]],
+  ["Array.prototype.then=null; await value;", ["unmodified"]],
+] as const)(
+  "reads intrinsic property facts at implicit await sites: %s",
+  (source, expected) => {
+    const parsed = parseJavaScriptSource(source, "app.mjs");
+    if (parsed === null) throw new Error("Expected implicit read fixture");
+    const state = completeSemanticSteps(
+      indexJavaScriptBindingsSteps(parsed.program),
+    );
+    const read = createGlobalPathReader(state, ["Object", "prototype", "then"]);
+    const statuses: string[] = [];
+    traverseJavaScriptAst(parsed.program, {
+      enter(node) {
+        if (!t.isAwaitExpression(node)) return;
+        const fact = read(node);
+        statuses.push(
+          fact.status === "replacement"
+            ? t.isNullLiteral(fact.value)
+              ? "null"
+              : t.isFunction(fact.value)
+                ? "function"
+                : "other"
+            : fact.status,
+        );
+      },
+    });
+    expect(statuses).toEqual(expected);
+  },
+);
+
 it("keeps wrapper module aliases distinct from global-object module properties", () => {
   const parsed = parseJavaScriptSource(
     `
@@ -306,6 +351,11 @@ it.each([
     "Object.defineProperty=()=>{};inspect(globalThis.Object.defineProperty);",
     ["replacement"],
   ],
+  [
+    "an escaped global owner",
+    "mutate(Object);inspect(Object.defineProperty);",
+    ["unknown"],
+  ],
   [
     "a namespaced global",
     "inspect(globalThis.Object.defineProperty);globalThis.Object.defineProperty=()=>{};inspect(globalThis.Object.defineProperty);",
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.ts
index 0d35023b63..e8c5e87b56 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.ts
@@ -902,37 +902,92 @@ export const createGlobalReferenceReader = (
   state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
   path: readonly [string, ...string[]],
 ): ((callee: t.Node) => GlobalReferenceRead) => {
-  const selected = ["global", ...path];
-  let generation = -1;
-  const byNamespace = new Map<
-    string | null,
-    typeof state.ambientWriteEffects
-  >();
+  const read = createGlobalPathRead(state, path);
   return (callee) => {
     const namespace = globalReferenceNamespace(callee, state, path);
-    if (namespace === undefined) return { status: "unrelated" };
+    return namespace === undefined
+      ? { status: "unrelated" }
+      : read(callee, namespace);
+  };
+};
+
+/** Read an implicit intrinsic property at its actual source site, without inventing a callee. */
+export const createGlobalPathReader = (
+  state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
+  path: readonly [string, ...string[]],
+): ((site: t.Node) => GlobalReferenceRead) => {
+  const read = createGlobalPathRead(state, path);
+  return (site) => read(site, null);
+};
+
+const createGlobalPathRead = (
+  state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
+  path: readonly [string, ...string[]],
+): ((site: t.Node, namespace: string | null) => GlobalReferenceRead) => {
+  const selected = ["global", ...path];
+  let writesGeneration = -1;
+  let escapesGeneration = -1;
+  const byNamespace = new Map<
+    string | null,
+    {
+      writes: typeof state.ambientWriteEffects;
+      escapes: typeof state.ambientEscapeEffects;
+    }
+  >();
+  return (site, namespace) => {
+    const covered = (paths: typeof state.ambientWrites): boolean =>
+      paths.covers(selected) ||
+      (namespace !== null && paths.covers(["global", namespace]));
+    const writesCovered = covered(state.ambientWrites);
+    const escapesCovered = covered(state.ambientEscapes);
+    if (!writesCovered && !escapesCovered) return { status: "unmodified" };
     if (
-      !state.ambientWrites.covers(selected) &&
-      (namespace === null || !state.ambientWrites.covers(["global", namespace]))
-    )
-      return { status: "unmodified" };
-    if (generation !== state.ambientWriteEffects.length) {
-      generation = state.ambientWriteEffects.length;
+      writesGeneration !== state.ambientWriteEffects.length ||
+      escapesGeneration !== state.ambientEscapeEffects.length
+    ) {
+      writesGeneration = state.ambientWriteEffects.length;
+      escapesGeneration = state.ambientEscapeEffects.length;
       byNamespace.clear();
     }
     let effects = byNamespace.get(namespace);
     if (effects === undefined) {
-      effects = state.ambientWriteEffects.filter(
-        (effect) =>
-          ambientEffectCovers(effect, selected) ||
-          (namespace !== null &&
-            ambientEffectCovers(effect, ["global", namespace])),
-      );
+      const matches = (
+        effect: (typeof state.ambientWriteEffects)[number],
+      ): boolean =>
+        ambientEffectCovers(effect, selected) ||
+        (namespace !== null &&
+          ambientEffectCovers(effect, ["global", namespace]));
+      effects = {
+        writes: state.ambientWriteEffects.filter(matches),
+        escapes: state.ambientEscapeEffects.filter(matches),
+      };
       byNamespace.set(namespace, effects);
     }
-    if (effects.length === 0) return { status: "unknown" };
-    const active = effects.filter(
-      (effect) => semanticEffectTiming(callee, effect.node, state) !== "after",
+    // The call that escapes a receiver contains the callee being identified.
+    // That escape cannot have replaced the callee before the call selects it.
+    const escapePrecedesRead = effects.escapes.some((effect) => {
+      const escape = effect.node;
+      if (
+        escape !== undefined &&
+        escape !== site &&
+        typeof escape.start === "number" &&
+        typeof escape.end === "number" &&
+        typeof site.start === "number" &&
+        typeof site.end === "number" &&
+        site.start >= escape.start &&
+        site.end <= escape.end
+      )
+        return false;
+      return semanticEffectTiming(site, escape, state) !== "after";
+    });
+    if (
+      (escapesCovered && effects.escapes.length === 0) ||
+      escapePrecedesRead ||
+      (writesCovered && effects.writes.length === 0)
+    )
+      return { status: "unknown" };
+    const active = effects.writes.filter(
+      (effect) => semanticEffectTiming(site, effect.node, state) !== "after",
     );
     if (active.length === 0) return { status: "unmodified" };
     if (
@@ -943,47 +998,57 @@ export const createGlobalReferenceReader = (
       )
     )
       return { status: "unknown" };
-    let replacement: t.AssignmentExpression | undefined;
-    for (const effect of active) {
-      const write = effect.node;
-      const writeNamespace = t.isAssignmentExpression(write)
-        ? globalReferenceNamespace(write.left, state, path)
-        : undefined;
-      if (
-        t.isAssignmentExpression(write, { operator: "=" }) &&
-        writeNamespace !== undefined &&
-        (writeNamespace === null ||
-          !state.ambientWrites.covers(["global", writeNamespace])) &&
-        semanticDefiniteEffectPrecedesReference(
-          write,
-          callee,
-          state.parentsByNode,
-        ) &&
-        (replacement === undefined ||
-          semanticDefiniteEffectPrecedesReference(
-            replacement,
-            write,
-            state.parentsByNode,
-          ))
-      )
-        replacement = write;
-    }
-    if (replacement === undefined) return { status: "unknown" };
-    const confirmed = replacement;
-    if (
-      active.some(
-        (effect) =>
-          effect.node !== confirmed &&
-          semanticEffectTiming(confirmed, effect.node, state) !== "before" &&
-          (effect.node === undefined ||
-            !semanticDefiniteEffectPrecedesReference(
-              effect.node,
-              confirmed,
-              state.parentsByNode,
-            )),
-      )
-    )
-      return { status: "unknown" };
-    return { status: "replacement", value: confirmed.right };
+    return globalPathReplacement(state, path, site, active);
   };
 };
+
+/** Select a definite replacement only when every competing write is proven earlier. */
+const globalPathReplacement = (
+  state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
+  path: readonly [string, ...string[]],
+  site: t.Node,
+  effects: typeof state.ambientWriteEffects,
+): GlobalReferenceRead => {
+  let replacement: t.AssignmentExpression | undefined;
+  for (const effect of effects) {
+    const write = effect.node;
+    const writeNamespace = t.isAssignmentExpression(write)
+      ? globalReferenceNamespace(write.left, state, path)
+      : undefined;
+    if (
+      t.isAssignmentExpression(write, { operator: "=" }) &&
+      writeNamespace !== undefined &&
+      (writeNamespace === null ||
+        !state.ambientWrites.covers(["global", writeNamespace])) &&
+      semanticDefiniteEffectPrecedesReference(
+        write,
+        site,
+        state.parentsByNode,
+      ) &&
+      (replacement === undefined ||
+        semanticDefiniteEffectPrecedesReference(
+          replacement,
+          write,
+          state.parentsByNode,
+        ))
+    )
+      replacement = write;
+  }
+  if (replacement === undefined) return { status: "unknown" };
+  const confirmed = replacement;
+  if (
+    effects.some(
+      (effect) =>
+        effect.node !== confirmed &&
+        semanticEffectTiming(confirmed, effect.node, state) !== "before" &&
+        (effect.node === undefined ||
+          !semanticDefiniteEffectPrecedesReference(
+            effect.node,
+            confirmed,
+            state.parentsByNode,
+          )),
+    )
+  )
+    return { status: "unknown" };
+  return { status: "replacement", value: confirmed.right };
+};
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.initialization_boundaries.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.initialization_boundaries.test.ts
index 767ad1b740..5debf20bbf 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.initialization_boundaries.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.initialization_boundaries.test.ts
@@ -249,3 +249,20 @@ it("does not initialize a class self name during computed-key evaluation", () =>
   expect(ir.callSites[0]).toBeDefined();
   expect(ir.callSites[0]?.resolution).not.toBe("exact");
 });
+
+it.each(["__proto__", '"__proto__"', "['__proto__']"])(
+  "distinguishes prototype setters from own data keys in loader-write scoping: %s",
+  (key) => {
+    const ir = analyze(`
+      with ({require: local, [Symbol.unscopables]: {${key}: {require: true}}}) {
+        require = replacement;
+      }
+      const selected = require("node:fs");
+    `);
+    const selected = onlyBinding(ir, "selected");
+    if (key.startsWith("[")) {
+      // A computed key is an own data property, so it supplies no inherited exclusion.
+      expect(selected.provenance.status).toBe("module");
+    } else expect(selected.provenance.status).not.toBe("module");
+  },
+);
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.member_mutations.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.member_mutations.test.ts
index f1142d9227..d3b3f9c136 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.member_mutations.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.member_mutations.test.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
+import { runInNewContext } from "node:vm";
 
 import { analyzeJavaScriptSemantics } from "./javascriptSemanticAnalysis.js";
-import { onlyCallable } from "./javascriptSemanticAnalysis.fixture.js";
+import {
+  onlyBinding,
+  onlyCallable,
+} from "./javascriptSemanticAnalysis.fixture.js";
 
 const resultValue = (body: string) =>
   onlyCallable(
@@ -9,6 +13,128 @@ const resultValue = (body: string) =>
     "result",
   ).returnSites[0]?.value;
 
+it.each([
+  [
+    "own getter",
+    "const value = { count: 1, get then() { this.count = 2; } };",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "own method",
+    "const value = { count: 1, then(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); } };",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "function-valued slot",
+    "const value = { count: 1, then: function(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); } };",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "getter returning a method",
+    "const value = { count: 1, get then() { return function(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); }; } };",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "inherited getter",
+    "const proto = { get then() { this.count = 2; } }; const value = { __proto__: proto, count: 1 };",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "inherited method",
+    "const proto = { then(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); } }; const value = { __proto__: proto, count: 1 };",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "class method",
+    "class Value { count = 1; then(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); } } const value = new Value();",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "stored method",
+    "const value = { count: 1 }; value.then = function(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); };",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "method stored on a copied shared child",
+    "const source = { child: { count: 1 } }; const box = { ...source }; source.child.then = function(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); }; const value = box.child;",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "copied method retained after source replacement",
+    "const source = { count: 1, then(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); } }; const value = { ...source }; source.then = null;",
+    2,
+  ],
+  ["inert object", "const value = { count: 1 };", 1],
+  ["noncallable then", "const value = { count: 1, then: null };", 1],
+  [
+    "noncallable getter result",
+    "const value = { count: 1, get then() { return 3; } };",
+    1,
+  ],
+  [
+    "own noncallable shadow",
+    "const proto = { get then() { this.count = 2; } }; const value = { __proto__: proto, count: 1, then: null };",
+    1,
+  ],
+  [
+    "method replaced before await",
+    "const value = { count: 1, then(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); } }; value.then = null;",
+    1,
+  ],
+] as const)(
+  "accounts for thenable effects at await: %s",
+  async (_kind, declaration, expected) => {
+    const body = `${declaration} await value; return value.count;`;
+    expect(await runInNewContext(`(async () => { ${body} })()`)).toBe(expected);
+    const ir = analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(
+      `export async function result() { ${body} }`,
+    );
+    const value = onlyCallable(ir, "result").returnSites[0]?.value;
+    if (expected === 2) expect(value?.status).toBe("unknown");
+    else expect(value).toEqual({ status: "literal", value: 1 });
+  },
+);
+
+it("keeps a then slot captured before a later top-level source write", async () => {
+  const body = `
+    const source = { count: 1 };
+    const value = { ...source };
+    source.then = function(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); };
+    await value;
+    const observed = value.count;
+  `;
+  expect(
+    await runInNewContext(`(async () => { ${body} return observed; })()`),
+  ).toBe(1);
+  expect(
+    onlyBinding(analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(body), "observed").value,
+  ).toEqual({ status: "literal", value: 1 });
+});
+
+it.each([
+  "const value = { count: 1, then: external };",
+  "const value = { count: 1, then: null }; value.then = external;",
+])("keeps an externally supplied then callable possible: %s", async (slot) => {
+  const body = `${slot} await value; return value.count;`;
+  for (const external of [
+    null,
+    function (this: { count: number }, resolve: () => void) {
+      this.count = 2;
+      resolve();
+    },
+  ]) {
+    expect(
+      await runInNewContext(`(async () => { ${body} })()`, { external }),
+    ).toBe(external === null ? 1 : 2);
+  }
+  const ir = analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(
+    `export async function result(external) { ${body} }`,
+  );
+  expect(onlyCallable(ir, "result").returnSites[0]?.value.status).toBe(
+    "unknown",
+  );
+});
+
 it.each([
   ["field = shared;", "declare field: { mode: string };", "new Derived()"],
   [
@@ -41,6 +167,83 @@ it.each([
   },
 );
 
+it("retains then invocation effects through a getter-invoked async callable", async () => {
+  const body = `
+    const value = {
+      count: 1,
+      get start() { (async () => { await this; })(); return null; },
+      then(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); },
+    };
+    await value.start;
+    return value.count;
+  `;
+  expect(await runInNewContext(`(async () => { ${body} })()`)).toBe(2);
+  const ir = analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(
+    `export async function result() { ${body} }`,
+  );
+  expect(onlyCallable(ir, "result").returnSites[0]?.value.status).toBe(
+    "unknown",
+  );
+});
+
+it.each([
+  [
+    "Object.prototype.then = function(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); }; const value = { count: 1 }; await value; return value.count;",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "Array.prototype.then = function(resolve) { this[0] = 2; resolve(); }; const value = [1]; await value; return value[0];",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "Object.prototype.then = function(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); }; const value = { count: 1, then: null }; await value; return value.count;",
+    1,
+  ],
+  [
+    "Object.prototype.then = function(resolve) { this.count = 2; resolve(); }; const value = { __proto__: null, count: 1 }; await value; return value.count;",
+    1,
+  ],
+  [
+    "Array.prototype.then = function(resolve) { this[0] = 2; resolve(); }; const value = [1]; value.then = null; await value; return value[0];",
+    1,
+  ],
+  [
+    "Object.prototype.then = function(resolve) { this[0] = 2; resolve(); }; const value = [1]; await value; return value[0];",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "Object.prototype.then = function(resolve) { this[0] = 2; resolve(); }; Array.prototype.then = null; const value = [1]; await value; return value[0];",
+    1,
+  ],
+  [
+    "Object.prototype.then = null; const value = { count: 1 }; await value; return value.count;",
+    1,
+  ],
+  [
+    "Object.defineProperty(Object.prototype, 'then', { get() { this.count = 2; } }); const value = { count: 1 }; await value; return value.count;",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "Array.prototype.__proto__ = { then(resolve) { this[0] = 2; resolve(); } }; const value = [1]; await value; return value[0];",
+    2,
+  ],
+  [
+    "Object.prototype.then = function(resolve) { this[0] = 2; resolve(); }; Array.prototype.__proto__ = null; const value = [1]; await value; return value[0];",
+    1,
+  ],
+] as const)(
+  "retains source-written prototype then invocation: %s",
+  async (body, expected) => {
+    expect(await runInNewContext(`(async () => { ${body} })()`)).toBe(expected);
+    const ir = analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(
+      `export async function result() { ${body} }`,
+    );
+    const value = onlyCallable(ir, "result").returnSites[0]?.value;
+    if (expected === 2) expect(value?.status).toBe("unknown");
+    else expect(value).toEqual({ status: "literal", value: 1 });
+  },
+);
+
 it.each(["field;", "field = { mode: 'other' };"])(
   "preserves a real derived field's shadowing: %s",
   (field) => {
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.native_bindings.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.native_bindings.test.ts
index 6083e2bfe7..8ae9dfa622 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.native_bindings.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.native_bindings.test.ts
@@ -269,3 +269,18 @@ describe("JavaScript semantic analysis: configuration value escapes", () => {
     expect(configurationReads(body)).toEqual([]);
   });
 });
+
+it.each([
+  ["if (flag) child = spawn('tool');", "partial"],
+  ["child = spawn('tool');", "complete"],
+] as const)(
+  "keeps child-process incoming parameter uncertainty after %s",
+  (assignment, resolution) => {
+    const ir = analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(
+      `import { spawn } from 'node:child_process'; function stop(child, flag) { ${assignment} child.kill(); }`,
+    );
+    expect(ir.childProcessInteractions).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ kind: "signal", resolution }),
+    ]);
+  },
+);
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.rejected_event_listener.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.rejected_event_listener.test.ts
index 3e217f94d0..8897a08e46 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.rejected_event_listener.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.rejected_event_listener.test.ts
@@ -28,6 +28,13 @@ const eventsFor = (call: string) =>
   }));
 
 it.each([
+  ["a missing on listener", `e.on("x")`],
+  ["a missing once listener", `e.once("x")`],
+  ["a missing addListener listener", `e.addListener("x")`],
+  ["a missing prependListener listener", `e.prependListener("x")`],
+  ["a missing prependOnceListener listener", `e.prependOnceListener("x")`],
+  ["a missing removeListener listener", `e.removeListener("x")`],
+  ["a missing off listener", `e.off("x")`],
   ["a numeric listener", `e.on("x", 1)`],
   ["a string listener", `e.on("x", "fn")`],
   ["a template-literal listener", 'e.on("x", `fn`)'],
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.resource_handles.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.resource_handles.test.ts
index 6cb01c4a4e..0b97c184a5 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.resource_handles.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.resource_handles.test.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,54 @@ const releases = (source: string) =>
       resolution,
     }));
 
+it.each([
+  ["net", "connect", "-0"],
+  ["net", "createConnection", "-0.0"],
+  ["tls", "connect", "-0"],
+  ["net", "connect", "typeof 1.5"],
+  ["net", "connect", "~(-1.5)"],
+  ["tls", "connect", "void 0, { port: 443 }"],
+] as const)(
+  "retains %s.%s(%s) and its socket release when the unary result is valid",
+  (module, method, argument) => {
+    expect(
+      operations(
+        `import socket from "node:${module}"; const handle = socket.${method}(${argument}); handle.destroy();`,
+      ).map(({ kind, method, resolution }) => ({ kind, method, resolution })),
+    ).toEqual([
+      { kind: "acquire", method, resolution: "complete" },
+      { kind: "release", method: "destroy", resolution: "complete" },
+    ]);
+  },
+);
+
+it.each([
+  ["connect", "void 0"],
+  ["createConnection", "void value"],
+  ["connect", "undefined"],
+  ["connect", "void 0, { port: 443 }"],
+] as const)(
+  "emits no net.%s acquisition or release for a missing first argument: %s",
+  (method, argument) => {
+    expect(
+      operations(
+        `import net from 'node:net'; const handle = net.${method}(${argument}); handle.destroy();`,
+      ),
+    ).toEqual([]);
+  },
+);
+
+it("retains unknown net argument positions and shadowed undefined values", () => {
+  for (const body of [
+    "function use(undefined) { const handle=net.connect(undefined);handle.destroy(); }",
+    "const handle=net.connect(...args, void 0);handle.destroy();",
+  ])
+    expect(operations(`import net from 'node:net';${body}`)).toEqual([
+      expect.objectContaining({ kind: "acquire", method: "connect" }),
+      expect.objectContaining({ kind: "release", method: "destroy" }),
+    ]);
+});
+
 const commonJsPromise = `const { open } = require("node:fs/promises"); const h = open("input.txt"); h.close();`;
 
 it("keeps conditional release facts when the loader is unknown", () => {
@@ -198,3 +246,17 @@ it("keeps an awaited handle release uncertain after an opaque receiver write", (
     ),
   ).toEqual([{ method: "close", linked: 1, resolution: "partial" }]);
 });
+
+it.each([
+  ["if (flag) handle = createReadStream('input.txt');", "partial"],
+  ["handle = createReadStream('input.txt');", "complete"],
+] as const)(
+  "preserves incoming parameter uncertainty before release: %s",
+  (assignment, resolution) => {
+    expect(
+      releases(
+        `import { createReadStream } from 'node:fs'; function release(handle, flag) { ${assignment} handle.destroy(); }`,
+      ),
+    ).toEqual([{ method: "destroy", linked: 1, resolution }]);
+  },
+);
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.socket_port_literal.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.socket_port_literal.test.ts
index a2b1d004ec..66c89c73cf 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.socket_port_literal.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAnalysis.socket_port_literal.test.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ import { analyzeJavaScriptSemantics } from "./javascriptSemanticAnalysis.js";
  *   net.connect("")                   -> THREW ERR_SOCKET_BAD_PORT
  *   net.connect("/tmp/x.sock")        -> Socket created (Unix socket path)
  *   net.connect({ port: 80 })         -> Socket created
- *   net.connect(undefined) / {} / []  -> THREW ERR_MISSING_ARGS (undecided here)
+ *   net.connect() / undefined / void 0 -> THREW ERR_MISSING_ARGS
+ *   net.connect({}) / []              -> THREW ERR_MISSING_ARGS (undecided here)
  */
 const socketAcquisitionsFor = (call: string) =>
   analyzeJavaScriptSemantics(
@@ -34,6 +35,10 @@ it.each([
   ["a boolean port", `net.connect(true)`],
   ["a null port", `net.connect(null)`],
   ["an empty path", `net.connect("")`],
+  ["an omitted argument", `net.connect()`],
+  ["an explicit undefined port", `net.connect(undefined)`],
+  ["a void port", `net.connect(void 0)`],
+  ["an omitted createConnection argument", `net.createConnection()`],
   ["a tls port above the range", `tls.connect(65536)`],
   ["a tls negative port", `tls.connect(-1)`],
   ["a tls NaN port", `tls.connect(NaN)`],
@@ -49,8 +54,12 @@ it.each([
   ["the highest port", `net.connect(65535)`, "connect"],
   ["a Unix socket path", `net.connect("/tmp/x.sock")`, "connect"],
   ["an options object", `net.connect({ port: 80 })`, "connect"],
-  ["an omitted argument", `net.connect()`, "connect"],
-  ["an explicit undefined port", `net.connect(undefined)`, "connect"],
+  ["a computed argument", `net.connect(p)`, "connect"],
+  [
+    "a TLS port supplied by later options",
+    `tls.connect(void 0, { port: 443 })`,
+    "connect",
+  ],
   ["a tls port", `tls.connect(80)`, "connect"],
   ["a createConnection port", `net.createConnection(80)`, "createConnection"],
 ] as const)("keeps the socket acquisition for %s", (_name, call, method) => {
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAsyncEffects.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAsyncEffects.ts
index 9dc48f6313..4e5802e8c4 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAsyncEffects.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticAsyncEffects.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import {
   resolveSemanticBindingState,
   semanticResolutionBlocked,
   type JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
-  type JavaScriptSemanticBindingState,
 } from "./javascriptSemanticState.js";
 import { semanticBindingAtRead } from "./javascriptSemanticMutationInitializers.js";
 import { traverseJavaScriptValueAst } from "./javascriptSemanticTraversal.js";
@@ -160,7 +159,10 @@ export const collectJavaScriptSemanticAsyncEffects = (
  *
  * A class expression passes Node's own `typeof` check, so it is kept.
  */
-const rejectsEventListener = (listener: t.Node): boolean => {
+export const rejectsSemanticEventListener = (
+  listener: t.Node | undefined,
+): boolean => {
+  if (listener === undefined) return true;
   if (t.isSpreadElement(listener)) return false;
   const value = unwrapJavaScriptExpression(listener).node;
   if (t.isFunctionExpression(value) || t.isArrowFunctionExpression(value))
@@ -204,9 +206,9 @@ const collectEvent = (
   // provably the listener: `e.on(...["x", fn], 1)` registers `fn` and ignores the
   // trailing `1`.
   if (
+    EVENT_LISTENER_METHODS.includes(method) &&
     !t.isSpreadElement(eventArgument) &&
-    listenerArgument !== undefined &&
-    rejectsEventListener(listenerArgument)
+    rejectsSemanticEventListener(listenerArgument)
   )
     return;
   const emitter = emitterIdentity(member.object, state);
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticChildProcesses.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticChildProcesses.test.ts
index 6e0c64aecd..2f1ef4acf7 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticChildProcesses.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticChildProcesses.test.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,25 @@ const analyze = (source: string) =>
     `import { spawn } from 'node:child_process';\n${source}`,
   );
 
+it.each(
+  ["on", "once", "addListener"].flatMap((method) =>
+    ["", ", 1", ", null", ", {}", ", void 0"].map((listener) => ({
+      method,
+      listener,
+    })),
+  ),
+)(
+  "does not invent a child $method registration with rejected listener $listener",
+  ({ method, listener }) => {
+    const ir = analyze(
+      `const child = spawn('worker'); child.${method}('exit'${listener});`,
+    );
+    expect(ir.childProcessSpawns).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(ir.childProcessInteractions).toEqual([]);
+    expect(ir.eventOperations).toEqual([]);
+  },
+);
+
 it("keeps interactions before replacement resolved and later ownership uncertain", () => {
   const ir = analyze(`
     let child = spawn('old');
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticChildProcesses.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticChildProcesses.ts
index 4a944c4e38..38d0f04bc2 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticChildProcesses.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticChildProcesses.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import type {
   JavaScriptSemanticChildProcessSpawn,
 } from "./javascriptSemanticIr.js";
 import { createSemanticCallableIdStack } from "./javascriptSemanticCallableStack.js";
+import { rejectsSemanticEventListener } from "./javascriptSemanticAsyncEffects.js";
 import {
   createSemanticExpressionShapeResolver,
   optionsAfterOptionalArgv,
@@ -225,6 +226,11 @@ const childInteraction = (
   const method = semanticStaticPropertyName(member.property, member.computed);
   const classification = classifyInteraction(method, node.arguments[0]);
   if (classification === null) return null;
+  if (
+    classification.kind === "listener" &&
+    rejectsSemanticEventListener(node.arguments[1])
+  )
+    return null;
   const binding = objectBinding(member.object, state);
   const { candidates: linked, complete } = resolveChildCandidates(
     member.object,
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticIterationSources.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticIterationSources.ts
index 0c7bc77dc4..a69e440f55 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticIterationSources.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticIterationSources.ts
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ export interface SemanticPropertyReadSource
   extends IterationSourceValue, SourceGuards {
   readonly mutation: t.Node;
   readonly lookup: "prototype" | "own";
+  /** The language protocol invokes a callable value read from this slot. */
+  readonly invoke?: true;
 }
 
 interface PatternSource extends IterationSourceValue {
@@ -337,6 +339,7 @@ const semanticSourceFacts = (
       t.isAssignmentExpression(node) ||
       t.isForOfStatement(node) ||
       t.isSpreadElement(node) ||
+      t.isAwaitExpression(node) ||
       t.isYieldExpression(node) ||
       t.isCatchClause(node) ||
       t.isFunction(node)
@@ -372,11 +375,15 @@ const semanticSourceFacts = (
         mutation: node,
         lookup: "own",
       });
-  } else if (
-    t.isYieldExpression(node) &&
-    node.delegate &&
-    node.argument != null
-  )
+  } else if (t.isAwaitExpression(node))
+    propertyReads.push({
+      node: node.argument,
+      projection: ["then"],
+      mutation: node,
+      lookup: "prototype",
+      invoke: true,
+    });
+  else if (t.isYieldExpression(node) && node.delegate && node.argument != null)
     add(sources, { node: node.argument, projection: [] }, node, {});
   else if (
     t.isCatchClause(node) &&
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticMemberMutations.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticMemberMutations.ts
index 451597cc81..b4bf18206f 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticMemberMutations.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticMemberMutations.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import * as t from "@babel/types";
 import { semanticKnownSymbolKey } from "./javascriptSemanticPropertyKeys.js";
 import {
   createAmbientPathResolver,
+  createGlobalPathReader,
   retainSemanticAmbientEffect,
 } from "./javascriptSemanticAmbientWrites.js";
 import { isIntrinsicMapLookup } from "./javascriptSemanticMapOperations.js";
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ import {
 import { semanticContainer } from "./javascriptSemanticSlots.js";
 import {
   semanticProjectedSourceFactsAtRead,
+  semanticCapturedSelectionsAfterPropertyRead,
   semanticShiftCapturedSelections,
   semanticNormalizeCapturedSelections,
   type SemanticCapturedSelection,
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ import {
   semanticClassAccessorReferences,
   semanticObjectPropertyReferences,
   semanticObjectAccessorReferences,
+  semanticNativePrototypeChain,
   type JavaScriptSemanticObjectReference,
 } from "./javascriptSemanticObjectReferences.js";
 import {
@@ -122,27 +125,55 @@ const arrayPrototypeIterationMayChange = (path: PropertyPath): boolean => {
 
 /** Preserve uncertainty from property writes and references exposed to calls, yielding during traversal and fixpoint iteration. */
 
-/** Accessor selection uses the same slots, prototype shadowing and array indices as aliases. */
-const localAccessorMethods = (
+/** Local methods use the same slots, prototype shadowing and array indices as aliases. */
+const localPropertyMethods = (
   root: t.Node,
   path: PropertyPath,
-  accessor: "get" | "set",
+  accessor: "get" | "set" | "invoke",
   state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
   keyMayExist: (
     key: PropertyPath[number] | undefined,
     kind: "get" | "set",
   ) => boolean,
   lookup: "prototype" | "own" = "prototype",
-): readonly (t.ObjectMethod | t.ClassMethod)[] | undefined => {
-  if (!keyMayExist(path.at(-1), accessor)) return [];
-  const methods = new Set<t.ObjectMethod | t.ClassMethod>();
-  const pending = [{ node: root, path }];
+): readonly t.Function[] | undefined => {
+  if (accessor !== "invoke" && !keyMayExist(path.at(-1), accessor)) return [];
+  const methods = new Set<t.Function>();
+  const pending: (MutationSelectionContext & {
+    node: t.Node;
+    path: PropertyPath;
+  })[] = [{ node: root, path, memberReadAt: root }];
   const examined = new WeakMap<t.Node, Set<string>>();
+  const nativeReaders = new Map<
+    string,
+    ReturnType<typeof createGlobalPathReader>
+  >();
+  const nativeRead = (
+    prototype: "Object" | "Array",
+    key: string,
+    at: t.Node,
+  ) => {
+    const identity = JSON.stringify([prototype, key]);
+    let read = nativeReaders.get(identity);
+    if (read === undefined) {
+      read = createGlobalPathReader(state, [prototype, "prototype", key]);
+      nativeReaders.set(identity, read);
+    }
+    return read(at);
+  };
   let selections = 0;
   for (let cursor = 0; cursor < pending.length; cursor++) {
     const current = pending[cursor]!;
     const node = unwrapJavaScriptExpression(current.node).node;
-    const key = JSON.stringify(current.path);
+    const key = JSON.stringify([
+      current.path,
+      current.capturedSelections?.map(({ at, depth, ownEnumerable }) => [
+        at.start,
+        at.end,
+        depth,
+        ownEnumerable,
+      ]),
+    ]);
     const paths = examined.get(node) ?? new Set<string>();
     if (paths.has(key)) continue;
     paths.add(key);
@@ -152,7 +183,10 @@ const localAccessorMethods = (
       return undefined;
     }
     if (
-      (t.isObjectMethod(node) || t.isClassMethod(node)) &&
+      t.isFunction(node) &&
+      (accessor === "invoke" ||
+        t.isObjectMethod(node) ||
+        t.isClassMethod(node)) &&
       current.path.length === 0
     ) {
       methods.add(node);
@@ -160,15 +194,42 @@ const localAccessorMethods = (
     }
     if (t.isIdentifier(node)) {
       const binding = resolveSemanticBindingState(state, node, node.name);
-      if (binding === undefined) continue;
-      const selected = semanticBindingAtRead(binding, node, state).binding;
-      for (const source of [
-        ...selected.initializers,
-        ...selected.referenceInitializers,
-      ])
+      if (binding === undefined) {
+        if (accessor === "invoke") return undefined;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (
+        accessor === "invoke" &&
+        !semanticBindingAtRead(binding, node, state).hasDefiniteInitializer
+      )
+        return undefined;
+      const selected = semanticProjectedSourceFactsAtRead(
+        binding,
+        node,
+        current.path,
+        state,
+        true,
+        current.memberReadAt,
+        current.capturedSelections,
+        false,
+        // A spread copy escapes the copied values. That must not make the
+        // source's own accessors unknown, or the next read escapes the
+        // receiver itself.
+        accessor === "invoke",
+      );
+      if (selected === undefined) return undefined;
+      for (const source of selected.sources)
         pending.push({
           node: source.node,
-          path: [...source.projection, ...current.path],
+          path: source.path,
+          memberReadAt: current.memberReadAt,
+          capturedSelections: semanticNormalizeCapturedSelections([
+            ...(semanticShiftCapturedSelections(
+              current.capturedSelections,
+              source.path.length - current.path.length,
+            ) ?? []),
+            ...(source.capturedSelections ?? []),
+          ]),
         });
     } else if (
       t.isMemberExpression(node) ||
@@ -180,15 +241,57 @@ const localAccessorMethods = (
           semanticStaticPropertyKey(node.property, node.computed),
           ...current.path,
         ],
+        memberReadAt: current.memberReadAt,
+        capturedSelections: semanticShiftCapturedSelections(
+          current.capturedSelections,
+          1,
+        ),
       });
     } else if (
       current.path.length > 0 &&
       (t.isObjectExpression(node) || t.isArrayExpression(node))
     ) {
       const [selected, ...remaining] = current.path;
+      if (
+        accessor === "invoke" &&
+        lookup === "prototype" &&
+        !current.capturedSelections?.some(
+          (capture) => capture.depth === 1 && capture.ownEnumerable,
+        )
+      ) {
+        for (const prototype of semanticNativePrototypeChain(node, selected!)) {
+          if (selected === null || typeof selected === "object")
+            return undefined;
+          const at = current.memberReadAt ?? root;
+          const member = nativeRead(prototype, String(selected), at);
+          if (member.status === "unknown" || member.status === "unrelated")
+            return undefined;
+          if (member.status === "replacement") {
+            pending.push({
+              node: member.value,
+              path: remaining,
+              memberReadAt: at,
+              capturedSelections: semanticShiftCapturedSelections(
+                current.capturedSelections,
+                -1,
+              ),
+            });
+            break;
+          }
+          // A changed native link selects its retained source rather than the
+          // default next prototype. Null naturally ends that lookup.
+          const link = nativeRead(prototype, "__proto__", at);
+          if (link.status === "unknown" || link.status === "unrelated")
+            return undefined;
+          if (link.status === "replacement") {
+            pending.push({ ...current, node: link.value });
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
       const references = t.isArrayExpression(node)
         ? semanticArrayPropertyReferences(node, [selected!])
-        : remaining.length === 0
+        : remaining.length === 0 && accessor !== "invoke"
           ? semanticObjectAccessorReferences(
               node,
               selected!,
@@ -197,11 +300,24 @@ const localAccessorMethods = (
               lookup,
             )
           : semanticObjectPropertyReferences(node, [selected!], state);
-      for (const source of references)
+      for (const source of references) {
+        if (
+          source.inherited &&
+          current.capturedSelections?.some(
+            (capture) => capture.depth === 1 && capture.ownEnumerable,
+          )
+        )
+          continue;
         pending.push({
           node: source.node,
           path: [...source.path, ...remaining],
+          memberReadAt: current.memberReadAt,
+          capturedSelections: semanticCapturedSelectionsAfterPropertyRead(
+            current.capturedSelections,
+            source,
+          ),
         });
+      }
     } else if (
       (t.isClass(node) || t.isNewExpression(node)) &&
       current.path.length > 0
@@ -218,23 +334,39 @@ const localAccessorMethods = (
         const references =
           remaining.length > 0
             ? semanticClassPropertyReferences(selection, [selected!], state)
-            : lookup === "own"
-              ? []
-              : semanticClassAccessorReferences(
-                  selection,
-                  selected!,
-                  state,
-                  accessor,
-                );
+            : accessor === "invoke"
+              ? semanticClassPropertyReferences(selection, [selected!], state)
+              : lookup === "own"
+                ? []
+                : semanticClassAccessorReferences(
+                    selection,
+                    selected!,
+                    state,
+                    accessor,
+                  );
         for (const source of references)
           pending.push({
             node: source.node,
             path: [...source.path, ...remaining],
+            memberReadAt: current.memberReadAt,
+            capturedSelections: semanticCapturedSelectionsAfterPropertyRead(
+              current.capturedSelections,
+              source,
+            ),
           });
       }
     } else {
-      for (const source of branchReferenceValues(node, current.path))
-        pending.push(source);
+      const references = branchReferenceValues(node, current.path);
+      if (accessor === "invoke" && references.length === 0) {
+        const value = evaluateSemanticExpression(
+          node,
+          state,
+          current.memberReadAt,
+        );
+        if (!["literal", "union", "object", "array"].includes(value.status))
+          return undefined;
+      }
+      for (const source of references) pending.push({ ...current, ...source });
     }
   }
   return [...methods];
@@ -247,6 +379,7 @@ type AccessorEffectOperand =
       readonly node: t.Node;
       readonly path: PropertyPath;
       readonly lookup: "prototype" | "own";
+      readonly invoke?: true;
       readonly guards?: SemanticPropertyReadSource;
     }
   | {
@@ -333,6 +466,7 @@ const accessorEffectOperands = (
         node: source.node,
         path: source.projection,
         lookup: source.lookup,
+        ...(source.invoke ? { invoke: true } : {}),
         guards: source,
       });
     if (
@@ -383,13 +517,14 @@ export function* collectSemanticMemberMutationsSteps(
     );
   };
   const returnedReferences = createSemanticReturnedReferences(state);
-  const getterEffects = (
+  const propertyReadEffects = (
     root: t.Node,
     path: PropertyPath,
     lookup: "prototype" | "own" = "prototype",
+    invoke = false,
   ): readonly JavaScriptSemanticObjectReference[] => {
-    if (!accessorKeyMayExist(path.at(-1), "get")) return [];
-    const pending = [{ node: root, path, lookup }];
+    if (!invoke && !accessorKeyMayExist(path.at(-1), "get")) return [];
+    const pending = [{ node: root, path, lookup, invoke }];
     const examined = new Set<string>();
     const effects: JavaScriptSemanticObjectReference[] = [];
     for (let cursor = 0; cursor < pending.length; cursor++) {
@@ -397,12 +532,14 @@ export function* collectSemanticMemberMutationsSteps(
         node: selectedRoot,
         path: selected,
         lookup: selectedLookup,
+        invoke: selectedInvoke,
       } = pending[cursor]!;
       const identity = JSON.stringify([
         selectedRoot.start,
         selectedRoot.end,
         selected,
         selectedLookup,
+        selectedInvoke,
       ]);
       if (examined.has(identity)) continue;
       examined.add(identity);
@@ -410,7 +547,20 @@ export function* collectSemanticMemberMutationsSteps(
         state.valueResourceLimits.add("alias-selections");
         return [{ node: root, path: [] }];
       }
-      const methods = localAccessorMethods(
+      const receiver = selected.slice(0, -1);
+      if (
+        selectedInvoke &&
+        (localPropertyMethods(
+          selectedRoot,
+          selected,
+          "invoke",
+          state,
+          accessorKeyMayExist,
+          selectedLookup,
+        )?.length ?? 1) > 0
+      )
+        effects.push({ node: selectedRoot, path: receiver });
+      const methods = localPropertyMethods(
         selectedRoot,
         selected,
         "get",
@@ -418,12 +568,12 @@ export function* collectSemanticMemberMutationsSteps(
         accessorKeyMayExist,
         selectedLookup,
       );
-      const receiver = selected.slice(0, -1);
       if (methods === undefined) {
         effects.push({ node: selectedRoot, path: receiver });
         continue;
       }
       for (const method of methods) {
+        if (!t.isObjectMethod(method) && !t.isClassMethod(method)) continue;
         const callables: t.Function[] = [method];
         const visitedCallables = new Set<t.Function>();
         for (let index = 0; index < callables.length; index++) {
@@ -441,7 +591,8 @@ export function* collectSemanticMemberMutationsSteps(
             }
             if (
               operand.kind === "read" &&
-              (!accessorKeyMayExist(operand.path.at(-1), "get") ||
+              ((!operand.invoke &&
+                !accessorKeyMayExist(operand.path.at(-1), "get")) ||
                 (operand.guards !== undefined &&
                   semanticReferenceSourcesInactive(operand.guards, state)))
             )
@@ -465,6 +616,7 @@ export function* collectSemanticMemberMutationsSteps(
                   node: targetRoot,
                   path: [...target, ...operand.path],
                   lookup: operand.lookup,
+                  invoke: operand.invoke === true,
                 });
             }
           }
@@ -1114,7 +1266,7 @@ export function* collectSemanticMemberMutationsSteps(
           if (
             origins.initializers.some(
               (source) =>
-                (localAccessorMethods(
+                (localPropertyMethods(
                   source.node,
                   [...source.projection, ...selectedPath],
                   "set",
@@ -1596,7 +1748,7 @@ export function* collectSemanticMemberMutationsSteps(
           source.kind === "reference-store" &&
           source.target !== undefined &&
           !state.escapingReferenceStores.has(source.target) &&
-          (localAccessorMethods(
+          (localPropertyMethods(
             source.target.object,
             [
               semanticStaticPropertyKey(
@@ -1658,17 +1810,18 @@ export function* collectSemanticMemberMutationsSteps(
       }
       for (const source of semanticPropertyReadSources(node, parent, state)) {
         if (semanticReferenceSourcesInactive(source, state)) continue;
-        for (const effect of getterEffects(
+        for (const effect of propertyReadEffects(
           source.node,
           source.projection,
           source.lookup,
+          source.invoke === true,
         ))
           markEscaped(effect.node, source.mutation, effect.path);
       }
       if (t.isMemberExpression(node) || t.isOptionalMemberExpression(node)) {
         // The write owner classifies direct and destructuring stores once.
         if (!writeOnlyMembers.has(node))
-          for (const effect of getterEffects(node.object, [
+          for (const effect of propertyReadEffects(node.object, [
             semanticStaticPropertyKey(node.property, node.computed),
           ]))
             markEscaped(effect.node, node, effect.path);
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticObjectReferences.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticObjectReferences.test.ts
index 2f6633fa4d..148608ca2d 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticObjectReferences.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticObjectReferences.test.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { expect, it } from "vitest";
 import { indexJavaScriptBindingsSteps } from "./javascriptSemanticAnalysis.js";
 import {
   semanticClassPropertyReferences,
+  semanticNativePrototypeChain,
   semanticObjectPropertyReferences,
 } from "./javascriptSemanticObjectReferences.js";
 import { completeSemanticSteps } from "./javascriptSemanticTraversal.js";
@@ -36,6 +37,37 @@ const spelled = (
     ],
   );
 
+it.each([
+  ["{}", "then", ["Object"]],
+  ["{then:null}", "then", []],
+  ["{then}", "then", []],
+  ["{...{then:null}}", "then", []],
+  ["{...unknown}", "then", ["Object"]],
+  ["{__proto__:null}", "then", []],
+  ["{__proto__:{}}", "then", []],
+  ["{__proto__:0}", "then", ["Object"]],
+  ["{__proto__:unknown}", "then", ["Object"]],
+  ['{["__proto__"]:null}', "then", ["Object"]],
+  ["[]", "then", ["Array", "Object"]],
+  ["[]", "length", []],
+  ["[value]", "0", []],
+  ["[,value]", "0", ["Array", "Object"]],
+  ["[value,...unknown]", "0", []],
+  ["[...unknown,value]", "0", ["Array", "Object"]],
+] as const)(
+  "retains possible native prototype lookup for %s[%s]",
+  (value, key, expected) => {
+    const parsed = parseJavaScriptSource(`const o=${value};`, "prototype.mjs");
+    const declaration = parsed?.program.body[0];
+    if (!t.isVariableDeclaration(declaration))
+      throw new Error("Expected declaration");
+    const node = declaration.declarations[0]?.init;
+    if (!t.isObjectExpression(node) && !t.isArrayExpression(node))
+      throw new Error("Expected literal");
+    expect(semanticNativePrototypeChain(node, key)).toEqual(expected);
+  },
+);
+
 it("resolves exact keys with source-order overrides, spreads and accessors", () => {
   const fixture = objectAndState(
     `const o = { a: 1, ...base, b: 2, a: 3, [dynamic]: 4, __proto__: proto, ...{ b: 5 }, get c() { return 6; }, c: 7 };`,
@@ -54,14 +86,13 @@ it("resolves exact keys with source-order overrides, spreads and accessors", ()
     ["4", "[]"],
     ["base", '["missing"]'],
   ]);
-  // A wildcard key still scans every property.
+  // A wildcard keeps possible slots, excluding data replaced by a known spread.
   expect(spelled(fixture, null)).toEqual([
     ["7", "[]"],
     ["{ b: 5 }", '[{"excludedKeys":["c"]}]'],
     ["proto", "[null]"],
     ["4", "[]"],
     ["3", "[]"],
-    ["2", "[]"],
     ["base", '[{"excludedKeys":["a","b","c"]}]'],
   ]);
   // Numeric keys use the same exact spelling as string keys.
@@ -70,6 +101,112 @@ it("resolves exact keys with source-order overrides, spreads and accessors", ()
   ).toEqual([['"one"', "[]"]]);
 });
 
+it.each([1, "1"])(
+  "preserves inherited numeric property selection %j and own shadowing",
+  (key) => {
+    expect(
+      spelled(objectAndState("const o = { __proto__: prototype };"), key),
+    ).toEqual([["prototype", JSON.stringify([String(key)])]]);
+    expect(
+      spelled(
+        objectAndState('const o = { __proto__: prototype, 1: "own" };'),
+        key,
+      ),
+    ).toEqual([['"own"', "[]"]]);
+  },
+);
+
+it.each([
+  [
+    "static",
+    "static method(){return 1;} method(){return 2;}",
+    "static method(){return 1;}",
+  ],
+  [
+    "instance",
+    "static method(){return 1;} method(){return 2;}",
+    "method(){return 2;}",
+  ],
+  [
+    "prototype",
+    "static method(){return 1;} method(){return 2;}",
+    "method(){return 2;}",
+  ],
+  ["static", "static method(){return 1;} static set method(value){}", null],
+  ["static", "static method=child; static method(){return 1;}", "child"],
+  [
+    "static",
+    "static get method(){return child;} static method(){return 1;}",
+    "static method(){return 1;}",
+  ],
+  [
+    "static",
+    "static method(){return 1;} static get method(){return child;}",
+    "child",
+  ],
+  [
+    "static",
+    "static get method(){return child;} static method(){return 1;} static set method(value){}",
+    null,
+  ],
+] as const)(
+  "selects method-valued %s descriptors with runtime precedence: %s",
+  (kind, body, expected) => {
+    const source = `class Box { ${body} }`;
+    const parsed = parseJavaScriptSource(source, "methods.mjs");
+    if (parsed === null) throw new Error("Expected a parsed class");
+    const owner = parsed.program.body[0];
+    if (!t.isClassDeclaration(owner)) throw new Error("Expected a class");
+    const state = completeSemanticSteps(
+      indexJavaScriptBindingsSteps(parsed.program),
+    );
+    expect(
+      semanticClassPropertyReferences({ owner, kind }, ["method"], state).map(
+        ({ node }) => source.slice(node.start ?? 0, node.end ?? 0),
+      ),
+    ).toEqual(expected === null ? [] : [expected]);
+  },
+);
+
+it.each(["method(){return 1;}", "...{method: child}"])(
+  "keeps an intervening object data definition between accessor pairs: %s",
+  (definition) => {
+    expect(
+      spelled(
+        objectAndState(
+          `const o = { get method(){return child;} , ${definition}, set method(value){} };`,
+        ),
+        "method",
+      ),
+    ).toEqual([]);
+  },
+);
+
+it.each(["static", "instance"] as const)(
+  "retains inherited %s field ownership for enumerable copies",
+  (kind) => {
+    const source = `class Base { ${kind === "static" ? "static" : ""} method=child; } class Box extends Base {}`;
+    const parsed = parseJavaScriptSource(source, "fields.mjs");
+    if (parsed === null) throw new Error("Expected a parsed class");
+    const owner = parsed.program.body[1];
+    if (!t.isClassDeclaration(owner)) throw new Error("Expected derived class");
+    const state = completeSemanticSteps(
+      indexJavaScriptBindingsSteps(parsed.program),
+    );
+    const references = semanticClassPropertyReferences(
+      { owner, kind, fieldsOnly: true },
+      ["method"],
+      state,
+    );
+    expect(
+      references.map(({ node }) =>
+        source.slice(node.start ?? 0, node.end ?? 0),
+      ),
+    ).toEqual(["child"]);
+    expect(references[0]?.inherited).toBe(kind === "static" ? true : undefined);
+  },
+);
+
 it("preserves references through a small static getter permutation", () => {
   const getters = Array.from(
     { length: 5 },
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticObjectReferences.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticObjectReferences.ts
index 7cf109bf47..9012dc8ef4 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticObjectReferences.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticObjectReferences.ts
@@ -154,96 +154,73 @@ const classPropertyDescriptors = (
   initializedBefore?: t.ClassProperty,
   accessor: "get" | "set" = "get",
 ) => {
-  const isStatic = kind === "static";
-  const selectedAccessors: t.ClassMethod[] = [];
   const fields: t.ClassProperty[] = [];
-  const indexedMembers: {
-    readonly member: t.ClassMethod | t.ClassProperty;
-    readonly index: number;
-    readonly key: string | null;
-  }[] = [];
+  const methods: t.ClassMethod[] = [];
+  const accessors: t.ClassMethod[] = [];
+  const definitions: (t.ClassMethod | t.ClassProperty)[] = [];
   const before =
     initializedBefore === undefined
       ? -1
       : klass.body.body.indexOf(initializedBefore);
-  klass.body.body.forEach((member, index) => {
+  for (const [index, member] of klass.body.body.entries()) {
     if (
-      (t.isClassMethod(member) || t.isClassProperty(member)) &&
-      propertyName !== null &&
-      member.computed &&
-      semanticKnownSymbolKey(member.key, state)
+      (!t.isClassMethod(member) &&
+        !(kind === "static" && isRuntimeJavaScriptClassProperty(member))) ||
+      member.static !== (kind === "static") ||
+      (before >= 0 &&
+        isRuntimeJavaScriptClassProperty(member) &&
+        index >= before) ||
+      (propertyName !== null &&
+        member.computed &&
+        semanticKnownSymbolKey(member.key, state))
     )
-      return;
-    if (
-      before >= 0 &&
-      index >= before &&
-      isRuntimeJavaScriptClassProperty(member)
-    )
-      return;
-    if (
-      (t.isClassMethod(member) ||
-        (kind === "static" && isRuntimeJavaScriptClassProperty(member))) &&
-      member.static === isStatic
-    )
-      indexedMembers.push({
-        member,
-        index,
-        key: semanticStaticPropertyKey(member.key, member.computed),
-      });
-  });
-  const matchingMembers =
-    propertyName === null
-      ? []
-      : indexedMembers.filter(({ key }) => key === propertyName);
-  const uncertainAccessors = indexedMembers.filter(
-    (entry): entry is typeof entry & { member: t.ClassMethod } => {
-      const { member, key } = entry;
-      return (
-        t.isClassMethod(member) &&
-        member.kind === accessor &&
-        (propertyName === null || (member.computed && key === null))
-      );
-    },
-  );
-  const getters = matchingMembers.filter(
-    (entry): entry is typeof entry & { member: t.ClassMethod } =>
-      t.isClassMethod(entry.member) && entry.member.kind === accessor,
-  );
-  const getter = getters.at(-1);
-  const getterIndex = getter?.index ?? -1;
-  const laterDataMember = matchingMembers.some(
-    ({ member, index }) =>
-      t.isClassProperty(member) ||
-      (t.isClassMethod(member) &&
-        member.kind === "method" &&
-        index > getterIndex),
-  );
-  const seenFields = new Set<string>();
-  for (const { member, key } of [...indexedMembers].reverse()) {
-    if (!t.isClassProperty(member)) continue;
-    if (key !== null && seenFields.has(key)) continue;
-    if (key !== null) seenFields.add(key);
-    if (propertyName === null || key === null || key === propertyName)
-      fields.push(member);
+      continue;
+    definitions.push(member);
   }
-  if (getters.length > 0 && !laterDataMember && getter !== undefined)
-    selectedAccessors.push(getter.member);
-  for (const { member, index } of uncertainAccessors)
+  // Methods/accessors are installed before static fields execute, even when a
+  // field appears earlier in source. Instance fields are owned separately.
+  const ordered = [
+    ...definitions.filter((member) => t.isClassMethod(member)),
+    ...definitions.filter((member) => t.isClassProperty(member)),
+  ];
+  const data = new Set<string>();
+  const getterNames = new Set<string>();
+  const setterNames = new Set<string>();
+  let inherits = true;
+  for (const member of ordered.reverse()) {
+    const key = semanticStaticPropertyKey(member.key, member.computed);
+    if (propertyName !== null && key !== null && key !== propertyName) continue;
+    if (propertyName !== null && key === propertyName) inherits = false;
+    const descriptor =
+      t.isClassMethod(member) &&
+      (member.kind === "get" || member.kind === "set")
+        ? member.kind
+        : "data";
+    const selected = key ?? propertyName;
     if (
-      !matchingMembers.some(
-        ({ member: matching, index: matchingIndex }) =>
-          (t.isClassProperty(matching) ||
-            (t.isClassMethod(matching) &&
-              (matching.kind === "method" || matching.kind === accessor))) &&
-          matchingIndex > index,
-      )
-    )
-      selectedAccessors.push(member);
-  return {
-    accessors: selectedAccessors,
-    fields,
-    inherits: matchingMembers.length === 0,
-  };
+      selected !== null &&
+      (data.has(selected) ||
+        (descriptor === "data"
+          ? getterNames.has(selected) || setterNames.has(selected)
+          : (descriptor === "get" ? getterNames : setterNames).has(selected)))
+    ) {
+      // A later accessor replaced this data descriptor, but the data definition
+      // still prevents an earlier accessor from pairing across it.
+      if (descriptor === "data" && key !== null) data.add(key);
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (t.isClassProperty(member)) fields.push(member);
+    else if (member.kind === "method") methods.push(member);
+    else if (member.kind === accessor) accessors.push(member);
+    if (key !== null)
+      (descriptor === "data"
+        ? data
+        : descriptor === "get"
+          ? getterNames
+          : setterNames
+      ).add(key);
+  }
+  return { accessors, fields, methods, inherits };
 };
 
 export const semanticClassPropertyReferences = (
@@ -345,9 +322,21 @@ class ClassReferenceWalk {
       ? descriptors.fields
       : [])
       if (field.value != null)
-        this.#references.push({ node: field.value, path: this.#path });
+        this.#references.push({
+          node: field.value,
+          path: this.#path,
+          ...(this.lookup.kind === "static" && klass !== this.lookup.owner
+            ? { inherited: true }
+            : {}),
+        });
     for (const getter of this.lookup.fieldsOnly ? [] : descriptors.accessors)
       this.#getter(klass, getter);
+    if (this.context.accessor === undefined && !this.lookup.fieldsOnly)
+      for (const method of descriptors.methods) {
+        const name = semanticStaticPropertyKey(method.key, method.computed);
+        if (name !== null && this.#fields.has(name)) continue;
+        this.#references.push({ node: method, path: this.#path });
+      }
     // Only a definite own descriptor can suppress possible superclass results.
     if (descriptors.inherits && klass.superClass != null)
       for (const base of semanticClassCandidates(klass.superClass, this.state))
@@ -559,6 +548,18 @@ const expandGetterResult = (
 
 type ObjectLiteralMember = t.ObjectExpression["properties"][number];
 
+/** Only this colon-form definition selects an object literal's prototype. */
+const isObjectPrototypeSetter = (
+  property: ObjectLiteralMember,
+  name = t.isSpreadElement(property)
+    ? null
+    : semanticStaticPropertyKey(property.key, property.computed),
+): property is t.ObjectProperty =>
+  t.isObjectProperty(property) &&
+  !property.computed &&
+  !property.shorthand &&
+  name === "__proto__";
+
 /** Property positions grouped by whether an exact key can reach them. */
 interface ObjectPropertyIndex {
   /** Spreads, computed keys and `__proto__` data entries reach every key. */
@@ -579,13 +580,7 @@ const objectPropertyIndex = (node: t.ObjectExpression): ObjectPropertyIndex => {
     const name = t.isSpreadElement(property)
       ? null
       : semanticStaticPropertyKey(property.key, property.computed);
-    if (
-      name === null ||
-      (t.isObjectProperty(property) &&
-        !property.computed &&
-        !property.shorthand &&
-        name === "__proto__")
-    ) {
+    if (name === null || isObjectPrototypeSetter(property, name)) {
       keyIndependent.push(index);
       return;
     }
@@ -671,7 +666,9 @@ class ObjectReferenceWalk {
     readonly accessor?: "get" | "set",
     readonly accessorLookup: "prototype" | "own" = "prototype",
   ) {
-    [this.#key, ...this.#remaining] = path;
+    const [key, ...remaining] = path;
+    this.#key = typeof key === "number" ? String(key) : key;
+    this.#remaining = remaining;
   }
 
   #spreadKey(): PropertyPath[number] {
@@ -691,38 +688,29 @@ class ObjectReferenceWalk {
 
   #spread(property: t.SpreadElement): void {
     const selected = this.#key ?? null;
-    if (typeof selected !== "object" && this.#overwritten.has(String(selected)))
-      return;
     // Spread creates data properties; the source descriptor is not installed.
-    if (this.accessor === undefined)
+    if (
+      this.accessor === undefined &&
+      (typeof selected === "object" || !this.#overwritten.has(String(selected)))
+    )
       this.#references.push({
         node: property.argument,
         path: [this.#spreadKey(), ...this.#remaining],
         capturedSelectionAt: property.argument,
         ownEnumerable: true,
       });
-    if (
-      selected !== null &&
-      typeof selected !== "object" &&
-      t.isObjectExpression(property.argument) &&
-      objectExpressionDefinesKey(property.argument, String(selected))
-    ) {
-      this.#overwritten.add(String(selected));
-      this.#data.add(String(selected));
-    }
+    if (t.isObjectExpression(property.argument))
+      for (const name of objectExpressionDefinedKeys(property.argument)) {
+        this.#overwritten.add(name);
+        this.#data.add(name);
+      }
   }
 
   #prototype(
     property: t.ObjectMethod | t.ObjectProperty,
     name: string | null,
   ): boolean {
-    if (
-      !t.isObjectProperty(property) ||
-      property.computed ||
-      property.shorthand ||
-      name !== "__proto__"
-    )
-      return false;
+    if (!isObjectPrototypeSetter(property, name)) return false;
     const selected = this.#key ?? null;
     if (this.accessor !== undefined && this.accessorLookup === "own")
       return true;
@@ -731,7 +719,7 @@ class ObjectReferenceWalk {
       (selected === null ||
         typeof selected === "object" ||
         (typeof selected === "string" &&
-          !objectExpressionDefinesKey(this.node, selected)))
+          !objectExpressionDefinedKeys(this.node).has(selected)))
     )
       this.#references.push({
         node: property.value,
@@ -819,8 +807,10 @@ class ObjectReferenceWalk {
         ? this.#data.has(name) || this.#accessors.has(name)
         : this.#data.has(name) ||
           (kind === "get" ? this.#getters : this.#setters).has(name))
-    )
+    ) {
+      if (kind === "data") this.#data.add(name);
       return;
+    }
     this.#read(property, name);
     if (name !== null) this.#record(name, kind);
   }
@@ -839,12 +829,12 @@ const objectPropertyReferences = (
 ): readonly JavaScriptSemanticObjectReference[] =>
   new ObjectReferenceWalk(node, path, query).run();
 
-const objectExpressionDefinesKey = (
+const objectExpressionDefinedKeys = (
   root: t.ObjectExpression,
-  key: string,
-): boolean => {
+): ReadonlySet<string> => {
   const pending: t.ObjectExpression[] = [root];
   const seen = new Set<t.ObjectExpression>();
+  const names = new Set<string>();
   for (let cursor = 0; cursor < pending.length; cursor++) {
     const object = pending[cursor];
     if (object === undefined || seen.has(object)) continue;
@@ -856,19 +846,11 @@ const objectExpressionDefinesKey = (
         continue;
       }
       const name = semanticStaticPropertyKey(property.key, property.computed);
-      if (
-        name === key &&
-        !(
-          t.isObjectProperty(property) &&
-          !property.computed &&
-          !property.shorthand &&
-          name === "__proto__"
-        )
-      )
-        return true;
+      if (name !== null && !isObjectPrototypeSetter(property, name))
+        names.add(name);
     }
   }
-  return false;
+  return names;
 };
 
 export const semanticArrayPropertyReferences = (
@@ -924,3 +906,44 @@ export const semanticArrayPropertyReferences = (
   }
   return references;
 };
+
+/** Possible native fallback after own slots; explicit prototype references are walked separately. */
+export const semanticNativePrototypeChain = (
+  node: t.ObjectExpression | t.ArrayExpression,
+  key: PropertyPath[number],
+): readonly ("Object" | "Array")[] => {
+  const exact =
+    key !== null && typeof key !== "object" ? String(key) : undefined;
+  if (t.isArrayExpression(node)) {
+    if (exact === "length") return [];
+    if (exact !== undefined) {
+      const sources = semanticArrayPropertyReferences(node, [exact]);
+      if (
+        sources.length > 0 &&
+        sources.every((source) => source.capturedSelectionAt === undefined)
+      )
+        return [];
+    }
+    return ["Array", "Object"];
+  }
+  if (exact !== undefined && objectExpressionDefinedKeys(node).has(exact))
+    return [];
+  for (const property of node.properties) {
+    if (!isObjectPrototypeSetter(property)) continue;
+    const prototype = unwrapJavaScriptExpression(property.value).node;
+    // Null removes the prototype. Objects select the explicitly retained
+    // chain, while primitive values are ignored and unknowns may be primitive.
+    if (
+      t.isNullLiteral(prototype) ||
+      t.isObjectExpression(prototype) ||
+      t.isArrayExpression(prototype) ||
+      t.isFunctionExpression(prototype) ||
+      t.isArrowFunctionExpression(prototype) ||
+      t.isClassExpression(prototype) ||
+      t.isRegExpLiteral(prototype) ||
+      t.isNewExpression(prototype)
+    )
+      return [];
+  }
+  return ["Object"];
+};
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticProjectedSources.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticProjectedSources.ts
index 2f0a6f5458..b2cf9c7db9 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticProjectedSources.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticProjectedSources.ts
@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@ export function semanticProjectedSourceFactsAtRead(
   memberReadAt?: t.Node,
   capturedSelections?: readonly SemanticCapturedSelection[],
   retainEligibility?: boolean,
+  valueEscapesHideSources?: boolean,
 ):
   | {
       readonly sources: readonly (Omit<ProjectedSource, "path"> & {
@@ -219,6 +220,9 @@ const projectedSourceFactsAtRead = (
   memberReadAt: t.Node = reference,
   capturedSelections: readonly SemanticCapturedSelection[] = [],
   retainEligibility = false,
+  // Accessor lookup reads source syntax. A prior value escape does not hide
+  // that syntax; unknown writes and invocations still fail closed.
+  valueEscapesHideSources = true,
 ):
   | {
       readonly sources: readonly ProjectedSource[];
@@ -365,6 +369,7 @@ const projectedSourceFactsAtRead = (
           (replacement.assignedSources?.[0]?.target?.start ?? -1)));
   if (
     includeUnknown &&
+    valueEscapesHideSources &&
     semanticSomeEffectPathCandidate(
       binding.escapedPaths,
       path,
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticRequireCaptures.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticRequireCaptures.test.ts
index ec7e04bc26..0edc713ada 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticRequireCaptures.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticRequireCaptures.test.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,40 @@ import { expect, it } from "vitest";
 
 import { analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource } from "./javascriptStaticAnalysis.js";
 
+it.each([
+  "load('./dep.cjs')",
+  "load.call(null,'./dep.cjs')",
+  "load.apply(null,['./dep.cjs'])",
+  "Reflect.apply(load,null,['./dep.cjs'])",
+])("retains a createRequire filename through %s", (call) => {
+  const result = analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(
+    `import {createRequire} from 'node:module';const load=createRequire(new URL('./sub/entry.cjs',import.meta.url));${call};`,
+  );
+  expect(result.references.filter(({ kind }) => kind === "require")).toEqual([
+    expect.objectContaining({
+      specifier: "./dep.cjs",
+      resolution_base_path: "./sub/entry.cjs",
+    }),
+  ]);
+});
+
+it.each([
+  "load.call(null,'./dep.cjs')",
+  "Reflect.apply(load,null,['./dep.cjs'])",
+])("keeps mixed createRequire bases unknown through %s", (call) => {
+  const result = analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(
+    `import {createRequire} from 'node:module';const load=createRequire(flag?import.meta.url:new URL('./sub/entry.cjs',import.meta.url));${call};`,
+  );
+  expect(result.references.filter(({ kind }) => kind === "require")).toEqual([
+    expect.objectContaining({ specifier: null }),
+  ]);
+  expect(
+    result.references.every(
+      (reference) => !("resolution_base_path" in reference),
+    ),
+  ).toBe(true);
+});
+
 it.each([
   ['const h={require:module.require};h.require("./shared.cjs");', true],
   [
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticRequireOrigin.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticRequireOrigin.ts
index 94d95f004b..104b7ca1fb 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticRequireOrigin.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticRequireOrigin.ts
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ import {
 import {
   semanticStaticPropertyKey,
   semanticMemberChain,
+  semanticWriteSiteTarget,
+  semanticWriteTargets,
   unwrapJavaScriptExpression,
 } from "./javascriptAstValues.js";
 import { semanticPropertyPathKeyMatches } from "./javascriptSemanticPropertyPaths.js";
@@ -71,30 +73,33 @@ export type {
 const possibleCommonJsDelegateWriteStates =
   new WeakSet<JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState>();
 
+/** Admission and indexing share the same direct, projected and iteration leaves. */
+function* commonJsDelegateWriteTargets(
+  node: t.Node,
+): Generator<t.MemberExpression | t.OptionalMemberExpression> {
+  const write = semanticWriteSiteTarget(node);
+  if (write === null) return;
+  for (const target of semanticWriteTargets(write)) {
+    if (!t.isMemberExpression(target) && !t.isOptionalMemberExpression(target))
+      continue;
+    const key = semanticStaticPropertyKey(target.property, target.computed);
+    if (key === "require" || (key === null && target.computed)) yield target;
+  }
+}
+
 /** Source eligibility only; the shared write owner still proves receiver identity. */
 export const observePossibleCommonJsDelegateWrite = (
   node: t.Node,
   state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
 ): void => {
   if (possibleCommonJsDelegateWriteStates.has(state)) return;
-  const target = t.isAssignmentExpression(node)
-    ? node.left
-    : t.isUpdateExpression(node) ||
-        t.isUnaryExpression(node, { operator: "delete" })
-      ? node.argument
-      : undefined;
   if (
     semanticIterationSources(node, state.parentsByNode.get(node) ?? null).some(
       (source) => source.kind === "reference-store",
     )
   )
     possibleCommonJsDelegateWriteStates.add(state);
-  if (
-    (t.isMemberExpression(target) || t.isOptionalMemberExpression(target)) &&
-    ["require", null].includes(
-      semanticStaticPropertyKey(target.property, target.computed),
-    )
-  )
+  if (!commonJsDelegateWriteTargets(node).next().done)
     possibleCommonJsDelegateWriteStates.add(state);
   else if (t.isCallExpression(node) || t.isOptionalCallExpression(node))
     possibleCommonJsDelegateWriteStates.add(state);
@@ -886,6 +891,9 @@ export const semanticRequireCallAt = (
   }
   const interop = loaderInvocationInterop(state);
   if (!t.isNewExpression(node)) {
+    // Invocation normalization retains the selected path identity. Keep its
+    // filename alongside that path rather than selecting the outer call again.
+    const sourceRelativePaths = new Map<readonly string[], string>();
     const invocation = interop.intrinsicInvocation(node, (callee) => {
       const loader = requireLoaderValueAt(
         callee,
@@ -912,22 +920,21 @@ export const semanticRequireCallAt = (
         state,
         factoryBindingIds,
       );
-      if (selected !== undefined)
-        return [
+      if (selected !== undefined) {
+        const path = [
           "require-loader",
           selected.loader,
           selected.sourceRelative ? "relative" : "unknown",
           ...(selected.loaderAuthority === "candidate" ? ["candidate"] : []),
         ];
+        if (selected.sourceRelativePath !== undefined)
+          sourceRelativePaths.set(path, selected.sourceRelativePath);
+        return path;
+      }
       return interop.intrinsicPath(callee);
     });
     if (invocation?.path[0] === "require-loader") {
-      const selected = selectedRequireSourcesAt(
-        node.callee,
-        node,
-        state,
-        factoryBindingIds,
-      );
+      const sourceRelativePath = sourceRelativePaths.get(invocation.path);
       return {
         operation: "load",
         loader:
@@ -942,9 +949,9 @@ export const semanticRequireCallAt = (
           : {}),
         sourceRelative:
           invocation.kind === "known" && invocation.path[2] === "relative",
-        ...(selected?.sourceRelativePath === undefined
-          ? {}
-          : { sourceRelativePath: selected.sourceRelativePath }),
+        ...(invocation.kind === "known" && sourceRelativePath !== undefined
+          ? { sourceRelativePath }
+          : {}),
       };
     }
   }
@@ -1556,20 +1563,8 @@ const writesModuleRequire = (
   };
   traverseJavaScriptValueAst(state.program, state.erasedSyntaxNodes, {
     enter: (node) => {
-      const target = t.isAssignmentExpression(node)
-        ? node.left
-        : t.isUpdateExpression(node) ||
-            t.isUnaryExpression(node, { operator: "delete" })
-          ? node.argument
-          : undefined;
-      if (
-        t.isMemberExpression(target) ||
-        t.isOptionalMemberExpression(target)
-      ) {
-        const key = semanticStaticPropertyKey(target.property, target.computed);
-        if (key === "require" || (key === null && target.computed))
-          record(node, target.object);
-      }
+      for (const target of commonJsDelegateWriteTargets(node))
+        record(node, target.object);
       if (t.isCallExpression(node) || t.isOptionalCallExpression(node)) {
         const invocation = interop.intrinsicInvocation(node);
         const owner =
@@ -1583,42 +1578,21 @@ const writesModuleRequire = (
           const key = interop.staticString(args?.[1]);
           if (key === "require" || key === undefined)
             record(node, args?.[0] ?? t.nullLiteral());
+        } else if (owner === "Reflect" && method === "set") {
+          const key = interop.staticString(args?.[1]);
+          if (key === "require" || key === undefined)
+            record(node, args?.[3] ?? args?.[0] ?? t.nullLiteral());
         } else if (owner === "Object" && method === "defineProperties") {
           const descriptors = args?.[1];
-          if (
-            !t.isObjectExpression(descriptors) ||
-            descriptors.properties.some(
-              (property) =>
-                t.isSpreadElement(property) ||
-                (t.isObjectProperty(property) &&
-                  semanticStaticPropertyKey(property.key, property.computed) ===
-                    "require"),
-            )
-          )
+          if (objectMayProvideRequire(descriptors))
             record(node, args?.[0] ?? t.nullLiteral());
         } else if (owner === "Object" && method === "assign") {
           const target = args?.[0];
-          if (target !== undefined) {
-            const sourceHasRequire = args
-              ?.slice(1)
-              .some(
-                (arg) =>
-                  t.isObjectExpression(arg) &&
-                  arg.properties.some(
-                    (property) =>
-                      t.isObjectProperty(property) &&
-                      semanticStaticPropertyKey(
-                        property.key,
-                        property.computed,
-                      ) === "require",
-                  ),
-              );
-            if (
-              sourceHasRequire ||
-              args?.slice(1).some((arg) => !t.isObjectExpression(arg))
-            )
-              record(node, target);
-          }
+          if (
+            target !== undefined &&
+            args?.slice(1).some(objectMayProvideRequire)
+          )
+            record(node, target);
         }
       }
     },
@@ -1627,6 +1601,15 @@ const writesModuleRequire = (
   return writes;
 };
 
+/** Methods, spreads and unknown computed keys can all supply an own delegate. */
+const objectMayProvideRequire = (node: t.Node | undefined): boolean =>
+  !t.isObjectExpression(node) ||
+  node.properties.some((property) => {
+    if (t.isSpreadElement(property)) return true;
+    const key = semanticStaticPropertyKey(property.key, property.computed);
+    return key === "require" || key === null;
+  });
+
 /** Whether the original global process object can still own effects at this source site. */
 export const semanticOriginalGlobalProcessAt = (
   node: t.Node,
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticResources.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticResources.ts
index 322b54e96c..635ade30db 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticResources.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticResources.ts
@@ -78,7 +78,11 @@ export const collectJavaScriptSemanticResources = (
   const acquisitions = collectAcquisitions(program, context).filter(
     (candidate) =>
       !socketPortInFirstArgument(candidate) ||
-      (!rejectsSocketPortLiteral(candidate.node, context) &&
+      (!rejectsSocketLiteralArguments(
+        candidate.node,
+        candidate.specifier,
+        context,
+      ) &&
         !rejectsTlsProtocolVersionLiteral(
           candidate.node,
           candidate.specifier,
@@ -447,6 +451,9 @@ const collectReleases = (
       resolution:
         !opaqueReceiver &&
         linked.length === 1 &&
+        (binding.kind !== "parameter" ||
+          semanticBindingAtRead(binding, member.object, context.state)
+            .hasDefiniteInitializer) &&
         holdsOnlyAcquisitions(binding, linked, context.state)
           ? "complete"
           : "partial",
@@ -573,16 +580,25 @@ const resourceCandidateId = (candidate: ResourceCandidate): string =>
  * readable non-port literal is decided. `""` is a path with no length, which
  * Node also rejects.
  *
- * `undefined` and an empty object throw `ERR_MISSING_ARGS`, but those are a
- * missing option rather than a bad port, so they stay undecided here.
+ * `net` also rejects an omitted or undefined port, before it returns a socket.
+ * TLS merges later options, so an undefined first argument alone cannot decide
+ * its admission. Object arguments and spread positions remain undecided here.
  */
-const rejectsSocketPortLiteral = (
+const rejectsSocketLiteralArguments = (
   node: t.CallExpression | t.OptionalCallExpression,
+  specifier: string,
   context: DataEffectTraversalContext,
 ): boolean => {
   const port = node.arguments[0];
-  if (port === undefined || t.isSpreadElement(port)) return false;
+  if (port === undefined) return specifier === "net";
+  if (t.isSpreadElement(port)) return false;
   const value = unwrapJavaScriptExpression(port).node;
+  if (
+    specifier === "net" &&
+    (t.isUnaryExpression(value, { operator: "void" }) ||
+      isUnmodifiedGlobalReference(value, context.state, "undefined"))
+  )
+    return true;
   if (t.isStringLiteral(value)) return value.value.length === 0;
   if (
     t.isNullLiteral(value) ||
@@ -601,13 +617,14 @@ const rejectsSocketPortLiteral = (
     isUnmodifiedGlobalReference(value, context.state, value.name)
   )
     return true;
-  // `-1` and `-1.5` are unary expressions over numeric literals: always out of
-  // range because a port is never negative.
+  // Numeric unary operators are judged by their result: `-0` is port zero,
+  // and `~(-1.5)` is zero too. `typeof` instead yields a nonempty IPC path.
   if (t.isUnaryExpression(value)) {
-    const operand = unwrapJavaScriptExpression(value.argument).node;
+    if (value.operator === "!" || value.operator === "delete") return true;
+    const number = unaryOperandNumber(value, context, 0);
     return (
-      t.isNumericLiteral(operand) &&
-      (value.operator === "-" || !Number.isInteger(operand.value))
+      number !== undefined &&
+      (!Number.isInteger(number) || number < 0 || number > 65535)
     );
   }
   return false;
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferences.projection.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferences.projection.test.ts
index 28957b55af..a82a2423a7 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferences.projection.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferences.projection.test.ts
@@ -205,3 +205,21 @@ it("widens a cycle that rewrites the path head while increasing its depth", () =
     returnedExpression(parsed.program, "target"),
   );
 });
+
+it("retains both finite class-prototype callable selections", () => {
+  const { parsed, state } = indexed(`
+    class C { first(){return firstResult} second(){return secondResult} }
+    const selected=flag?C.prototype.first:C.prototype.second;
+    selected();
+  `);
+  const [read] = callReads(parsed.program, "selected");
+  if (read === undefined)
+    throw new Error("Missing selected prototype method call");
+  const result = createSemanticReturnedReferences(state)(read);
+  expect(result.precision).toBe("exact");
+  expect(
+    result.references
+      .map(({ node }) => (t.isIdentifier(node) ? node.name : null))
+      .sort(),
+  ).toEqual(["firstResult", "secondResult"]);
+});
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferences.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferences.ts
index 0cc8e377b9..6062bb972c 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferences.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferences.ts
@@ -24,8 +24,13 @@ import {
   semanticKnownArrayIterationAt,
   semanticSelectedReferenceSlot,
 } from "./javascriptSemanticReferenceSources.js";
-import { semanticArrayPropertyReferences } from "./javascriptSemanticObjectReferences.js";
 import {
+  semanticArrayPropertyReferences,
+  semanticObjectPropertyReferences,
+  semanticClassPropertyReferences,
+} from "./javascriptSemanticObjectReferences.js";
+import {
+  semanticCapturedSelectionsAfterPropertyRead,
   semanticNormalizeCapturedSelections,
   semanticProjectedSourcesAtRead,
   semanticShiftCapturedSelections,
@@ -62,6 +67,7 @@ interface Candidate {
     | readonly SemanticCapturedSelection[]
     | undefined;
   readonly invocation?: JavaScriptSourceInvocationContext;
+  readonly classKind?: "instance" | "static";
 }
 
 export interface SemanticReturnedReferenceResult {
@@ -74,22 +80,6 @@ export interface SemanticReturnedReferenceResult {
   readonly precision: "exact" | "widened";
 }
 
-interface ObjectTargetIndex {
-  readonly propertyByName: ReadonlyMap<
-    string,
-    t.ObjectMethod | t.ObjectProperty
-  >;
-  readonly trailingUnknownsByProperty: ReadonlyMap<
-    t.ObjectMethod | t.ObjectProperty,
-    ObjectTargetUnknown
-  >;
-}
-
-interface ObjectTargetUnknown {
-  readonly node: t.ObjectMethod | t.ObjectProperty | t.SpreadElement;
-  readonly previous: ObjectTargetUnknown | undefined;
-}
-
 /** Resolve local result references conservatively, without claiming call execution. */
 export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
   state: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
@@ -115,7 +105,6 @@ export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
       }[];
     }
   >();
-  const objectTargets = new WeakMap<t.ObjectExpression, ObjectTargetIndex>();
   return (callee, invocation) => {
     const existing = results.get(callee);
     if (
@@ -141,7 +130,7 @@ export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
     // shared diamonds and reassignment cycles converge to the graph fixed point.
     const projectionDepths = new WeakMap<
       t.Node,
-      Map<string, number | undefined>
+      Map<string, { depth: number | undefined }>
     >();
     const expanded = new WeakMap<t.Node, Set<string>>();
     let additionalContexts = 0;
@@ -190,6 +179,7 @@ export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
       readAt?: t.Node,
       capturedSelections?: readonly SemanticCapturedSelection[],
       invocationContext?: JavaScriptSourceInvocationContext,
+      classKind?: Candidate["classKind"],
     ): void => {
       const source = unwrapJavaScriptExpression(node).node;
       if (contextsWidened) {
@@ -213,20 +203,25 @@ export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
         readAt?.start ?? -1,
         readAt?.end ?? -1,
         invocationKey(),
+        classKind,
       ]);
       const depths = projectionDepths.get(source) ?? new Map();
       projectionDepths.set(source, depths);
-      if (!depths.has(readKey)) {
-        depths.set(readKey, path?.length);
-      } else {
-        const previous = depths.get(readKey);
-        if (previous === undefined || previous !== path?.length) {
-          if (previous !== undefined) result.precision = "widened";
-          depths.set(readKey, undefined);
-          path = undefined;
-        }
+      let context = depths.get(readKey);
+      if (context === undefined) {
+        context = { depth: path?.length };
+        depths.set(readKey, context);
+      } else if (
+        context.depth === undefined ||
+        context.depth !== path?.length
+      ) {
+        if (context.depth !== undefined) result.precision = "widened";
+        context.depth = undefined;
+        path = undefined;
       }
-      if (path !== undefined) path = selections.normalize(source, path);
+      // Selector joins share the transition's read/invocation/receiver context.
+      // Joining only by syntax would cross static and instance member names.
+      if (path !== undefined) path = selections.normalize(context, path);
       capturedSelections =
         path === undefined
           ? undefined
@@ -279,9 +274,10 @@ export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
           readAt?.start ?? -1,
           readAt?.end ?? -1,
           null,
+          classKind,
         ]);
         if (sourceGenericInvocation) result.unresolvedInvocation = true;
-        depths.set(readKey, undefined);
+        depths.set(readKey, { depth: undefined });
         key = expansionKey();
         if (paths.has(key)) return;
       }
@@ -289,6 +285,7 @@ export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
       expanded.set(source, paths);
       work.push({
         node: source,
+        ...(classKind === undefined ? {} : { classKind }),
         path,
         ...(readAt === undefined ? {} : { readAt }),
         ...(capturedSelections === undefined ? {} : { capturedSelections }),
@@ -382,6 +379,7 @@ export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
                   child.readAt,
                   child.capturedSelections,
                   child.invocation ?? current.invocation,
+                  child.classKind ?? current.classKind,
                 );
             }
             continue;
@@ -505,9 +503,38 @@ export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
               result.unresolvedInvocation = true;
           }
         }
-      } else if (t.isObjectExpression(node))
-        selectObjectTargets(node, current, pending, objectTargets);
-      else if (t.isArrayExpression(node)) {
+      } else if (t.isObjectExpression(node)) {
+        const [key, ...suffix] = current.path ?? [];
+        for (const choice of key === undefined
+          ? [undefined]
+          : semanticAliasSelectionChoices(key))
+          for (const source of semanticObjectPropertyReferences(
+            node,
+            choice === undefined ? [] : [choice],
+            state,
+          )) {
+            if (source.widenedGetterResult) result.precision = "widened";
+            if (
+              source.inherited &&
+              current.capturedSelections?.some(
+                (capture) => capture.depth === 1 && capture.ownEnumerable,
+              )
+            )
+              continue;
+            pending.push({
+              ...current,
+              node: source.node,
+              path:
+                current.path === undefined || source.widenedGetterResult
+                  ? undefined
+                  : [...source.path, ...suffix],
+              capturedSelections: semanticCapturedSelectionsAfterPropertyRead(
+                current.capturedSelections,
+                source,
+              ),
+            });
+          }
+      } else if (t.isArrayExpression(node)) {
         const [key, ...path] = current.path ?? [];
         if (current.path !== undefined && key !== undefined) {
           for (const choice of semanticAliasSelectionChoices(key))
@@ -552,6 +579,7 @@ export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
                 child.readAt,
                 child.capturedSelections,
                 child.invocation ?? current.invocation,
+                child.classKind ?? current.classKind,
               );
           }
           continue;
@@ -590,63 +618,83 @@ export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
             });
         });
       } else if (t.isNewExpression(node))
-        pending.push({ ...current, node: node.callee });
+        pending.push({ ...current, node: node.callee, classKind: "instance" });
       else if (t.isClass(node)) {
         const [key, ...path] = current.path ?? [];
+        if (current.path !== undefined && key !== undefined) {
+          for (const choice of semanticAliasSelectionChoices(key)) {
+            const prototype =
+              current.classKind !== "instance" && choice === "prototype";
+            if (prototype && path.length === 0) continue;
+            const ownEnumerable = current.capturedSelections?.some(
+              (capture) =>
+                capture.depth === (prototype ? 2 : 1) && capture.ownEnumerable,
+            );
+            const member = prototype ? path[0] : choice;
+            if (member === undefined) continue;
+            for (const selected of semanticAliasSelectionChoices(member))
+              for (const source of semanticClassPropertyReferences(
+                {
+                  owner: node,
+                  kind: prototype
+                    ? "prototype"
+                    : (current.classKind ?? "static"),
+                  ...(ownEnumerable ? { fieldsOnly: true as const } : {}),
+                },
+                [selected],
+                state,
+              )) {
+                if (source.inherited && ownEnumerable) continue;
+                if (source.widenedGetterResult) result.precision = "widened";
+                pending.push({
+                  ...current,
+                  node: source.node,
+                  path: source.widenedGetterResult
+                    ? undefined
+                    : [...source.path, ...(prototype ? path.slice(1) : path)],
+                  classKind: "static",
+                  capturedSelections:
+                    semanticCapturedSelectionsAfterPropertyRead(
+                      prototype
+                        ? semanticShiftCapturedSelections(
+                            current.capturedSelections,
+                            -1,
+                          )
+                        : current.capturedSelections,
+                      source,
+                    ),
+                });
+              }
+          }
+          for (const child of pending)
+            enqueue(
+              child.node,
+              child.path,
+              child.readAt,
+              child.capturedSelections,
+              child.invocation ?? current.invocation,
+              child.classKind ?? current.classKind,
+            );
+          continue;
+        }
+        // Unknown projections retain every possible callable descendant. At
+        // zero depth only construction contributes a source-local result.
         for (const member of node.body.body) {
-          if (t.isClassMethod(member)) {
-            if (
-              ((current.path === undefined || current.path.length === 0) &&
-                member.kind === "constructor") ||
-              current.path === undefined ||
-              (key !== undefined &&
-                semanticAliasSelectionChoices(key).some((choice) => {
-                  const name = semanticStaticPropertyKey(
-                    member.key,
-                    member.computed,
-                  );
-                  return (
-                    name === null ||
-                    semanticPropertyPathKeyMatches(choice, name)
-                  );
-                }))
-            )
-              pending.push({
-                ...current,
-                node: member,
-                path: current.path === undefined ? undefined : path,
-                capturedSelections: semanticShiftCapturedSelections(
-                  current.capturedSelections,
-                  -1,
-                ),
-              });
-          } else if (
-            t.isClassProperty(member) &&
-            member.value !== null &&
-            member.value !== undefined &&
-            (key !== undefined || current.path === undefined) &&
-            (current.path === undefined ||
-              (key !== undefined &&
-                semanticAliasSelectionChoices(key).some((choice) => {
-                  const name = semanticStaticPropertyKey(
-                    member.key,
-                    member.computed,
-                  );
-                  return (
-                    name === null ||
-                    semanticPropertyPathKeyMatches(choice, name)
-                  );
-                })))
+          if (
+            t.isClassMethod(member) &&
+            (current.path === undefined || member.kind === "constructor")
           )
             pending.push({
               ...current,
-              node: member.value,
-              path: current.path === undefined ? undefined : path,
-              capturedSelections: semanticShiftCapturedSelections(
-                current.capturedSelections,
-                -1,
-              ),
+              node: member,
+              path: current.path === undefined ? undefined : [],
             });
+          else if (
+            current.path === undefined &&
+            t.isClassProperty(member) &&
+            member.value != null
+          )
+            pending.push({ ...current, node: member.value, path: undefined });
         }
         if (node.superClass !== null && node.superClass !== undefined)
           pending.push({ ...current, node: node.superClass });
@@ -660,6 +708,7 @@ export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
             child.readAt,
             child.capturedSelections,
             child.invocation ?? current.invocation,
+            child.classKind ?? current.classKind,
           );
       }
     }
@@ -699,139 +748,3 @@ export const createSemanticReturnedReferences = (
     return result;
   };
 };
-
-const selectObjectTargets = (
-  node: t.ObjectExpression,
-  item: Candidate,
-  pending: Candidate[],
-  indexes: WeakMap<t.ObjectExpression, ObjectTargetIndex>,
-): void => {
-  const [key, ...path] = item.path ?? [];
-  const childPath = item.path === undefined ? undefined : path;
-  if (key !== null && typeof key === "object" && "alternatives" in key) {
-    for (const choice of semanticAliasSelectionChoices(key))
-      selectObjectTargets(
-        node,
-        { ...item, path: [choice, ...path] },
-        pending,
-        indexes,
-      );
-    return;
-  }
-  if (key !== null && key !== undefined && typeof key !== "object") {
-    const index = objectTargetIndex(node, indexes);
-    const property = index.propertyByName.get(String(key));
-    if (property !== undefined) {
-      const unknowns: ObjectTargetUnknown[] = [];
-      for (
-        let unknown = index.trailingUnknownsByProperty.get(property);
-        unknown !== undefined;
-        unknown = unknown.previous
-      )
-        unknowns.push(unknown);
-      for (const { node: unknown } of unknowns.reverse())
-        pending.push({
-          ...item,
-          node: t.isSpreadElement(unknown)
-            ? unknown.argument
-            : t.isObjectProperty(unknown)
-              ? unknown.value
-              : unknown,
-          ...(t.isSpreadElement(unknown) ? {} : { path: childPath }),
-          capturedSelections: t.isSpreadElement(unknown)
-            ? [
-                ...(item.capturedSelections ?? []),
-                { at: unknown.argument, depth: 1, ownEnumerable: true },
-              ]
-            : (semanticShiftCapturedSelections(item.capturedSelections, -1) ??
-              []),
-        });
-      pending.push({
-        ...item,
-        node: t.isObjectProperty(property) ? property.value : property,
-        path: childPath,
-        capturedSelections:
-          semanticShiftCapturedSelections(item.capturedSelections, -1) ?? [],
-      });
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-  let replaced = false;
-  for (const property of [...node.properties].reverse()) {
-    if (replaced) break;
-    if (t.isSpreadElement(property)) {
-      pending.push({
-        ...item,
-        node: property.argument,
-        capturedSelections: [
-          ...(item.capturedSelections ?? []),
-          { at: property.argument, depth: 1, ownEnumerable: true },
-        ],
-      });
-      continue;
-    }
-    const name = semanticStaticPropertyKey(property.key, property.computed);
-    if (
-      key !== null &&
-      key !== undefined &&
-      name !== null &&
-      !semanticPropertyPathKeyMatches(key, name)
-    )
-      continue;
-    if (t.isObjectProperty(property))
-      pending.push({
-        ...item,
-        node: property.value,
-        path: childPath,
-        capturedSelections:
-          semanticShiftCapturedSelections(item.capturedSelections, -1) ?? [],
-      });
-    else
-      pending.push({
-        ...item,
-        node: property,
-        path: childPath,
-        capturedSelections:
-          semanticShiftCapturedSelections(item.capturedSelections, -1) ?? [],
-      });
-    if (
-      key !== null &&
-      key !== undefined &&
-      typeof key !== "object" &&
-      name === String(key)
-    )
-      replaced = true;
-  }
-};
-
-const objectTargetIndex = (
-  node: t.ObjectExpression,
-  indexes: WeakMap<t.ObjectExpression, ObjectTargetIndex>,
-): ObjectTargetIndex => {
-  const existing = indexes.get(node);
-  if (existing !== undefined) return existing;
-  const propertyByName = new Map<string, t.ObjectMethod | t.ObjectProperty>();
-  const trailingUnknownsByProperty = new Map<
-    t.ObjectMethod | t.ObjectProperty,
-    ObjectTargetUnknown
-  >();
-  let trailingUnknown: ObjectTargetUnknown | undefined;
-  for (const property of [...node.properties].reverse()) {
-    if (t.isSpreadElement(property)) {
-      trailingUnknown = { node: property, previous: trailingUnknown };
-      continue;
-    }
-    const name = semanticStaticPropertyKey(property.key, property.computed);
-    if (name === null) {
-      trailingUnknown = { node: property, previous: trailingUnknown };
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (propertyByName.has(name)) continue;
-    propertyByName.set(name, property);
-    if (trailingUnknown !== undefined)
-      trailingUnknownsByProperty.set(property, trailingUnknown);
-  }
-  const created = { propertyByName, trailingUnknownsByProperty };
-  indexes.set(node, created);
-  return created;
-};
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferencesBounded.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferencesBounded.test.ts
index 00a3eee4e4..65ea590887 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferencesBounded.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferencesBounded.test.ts
@@ -155,3 +155,31 @@ it.each([
     }
   },
 );
+
+it("discloses getter-result widening when selecting returned callable targets", () => {
+  const parsed = parseJavaScriptSource(
+    "const box={get item(){return {make:()=>result}}};box.item.make();",
+  );
+  if (parsed === null) throw new Error("Expected getter fixture");
+  const steps = indexJavaScriptBindingsSteps(parsed.program, {
+    getter_expansions: 1,
+  });
+  let step = steps.next();
+  while (!step.done) step = steps.next();
+  let call: t.CallExpression | undefined;
+  t.traverseFast(parsed.program, (node) => {
+    if (t.isCallExpression(node)) call = node;
+  });
+  if (call === undefined)
+    throw new Error("Expected getter-produced callable invocation");
+  const result = createSemanticReturnedReferences(step.value)(
+    call.callee,
+    call,
+  );
+  expect(result.precision).toBe("widened");
+  expect(result.references).toContainEqual({
+    node: expect.objectContaining({ type: "Identifier", name: "result" }),
+    projection: [],
+  });
+  expect(step.value.returnedReferenceWidenings.has(call.callee)).toBe(true);
+});
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferencesCopies.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferencesCopies.test.ts
index f61bb7b7c3..d209dc1f12 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferencesCopies.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferencesCopies.test.ts
@@ -81,3 +81,29 @@ it.each([
     );
   },
 );
+
+it.each([
+  ["const box={...{__proto__:{make:()=>module}}};box.make()", false],
+  ["const box={...{get make(){return ()=>module}}};box.make()", true],
+  ["class C{static make(){return module}};const box={...C};box.make()", false],
+  ["class C{make(){return module}};const box={...new C()};box.make()", false],
+  [
+    "class Base{static make=()=>module};class C extends Base{};const box={...C};box.make()",
+    false,
+  ],
+  ["class C{static make=()=>module};const box={...C};box.make()", true],
+  ["class C{make=()=>module};const box={...new C()};box.make()", true],
+] as const)(
+  "copies only own enumerable callable values: %s",
+  (expression, expected) => {
+    const analysis = analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(
+      `${expression}.require('./shared.cjs');`,
+    );
+    expect(analysis.parse_error_count).toBe(0);
+    expect(analysis.references).toEqual(
+      expected
+        ? [expect.objectContaining({ kind: "require", specifier: null })]
+        : [],
+    );
+  },
+);
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferencesWrites.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferencesWrites.test.ts
index 87e35c6dcb..f64cae8454 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferencesWrites.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticReturnedReferencesWrites.test.ts
@@ -201,3 +201,82 @@ it("refreshes cached returned targets after the shared member index settles", ()
     }),
   ]);
 });
+
+it.each([
+  ["const box={set make(value){return module}};box.make()", false],
+  ["const box={get make(){return module}};box.make()", false],
+  ["const box={get make(){return ()=>module}};box.make()", true],
+  [
+    "const box={get make(){return ()=>module},set make(value){}};box.make()",
+    true,
+  ],
+  ["const box={get make(){return ()=>module},make:()=>({})};box.make()", false],
+  ["const box={__proto__:{make:()=>module}};box.make()", true],
+  ["const box={__proto__:{make:()=>module},make:()=>({})};box.make()", false],
+] as const)(
+  "uses property-read ownership before invoking a returned callable: %s",
+  (expression, expected) => {
+    const analysis = analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(
+      `${expression}.require('./shared.cjs');`,
+    );
+    expect(analysis.parse_error_count).toBe(0);
+    expect(analysis.references).toEqual(
+      expected
+        ? [expect.objectContaining({ kind: "require", specifier: null })]
+        : [],
+    );
+  },
+);
+
+it.each([
+  ["class C{make(){return module}};C.make()", false],
+  ["class C{static make(){return module}};new C().make()", false],
+  ["class C{static make(){return module}};C.make()", true],
+  ["class C{make(){return module}};new C().make()", true],
+  ["class C{make(){return module}};C.prototype.make()", true],
+  ["class C{get make(){return ()=>module}};new C().make()", true],
+  ["class C{set make(value){return module}};new C().make()", false],
+  [
+    "class Base{static make(){return module}};class C extends Base{};C.make()",
+    true,
+  ],
+  [
+    "class Base{make(){return module}};class C extends Base{make=()=>({})};new C().make()",
+    false,
+  ],
+] as const)(
+  "preserves the class property receiver before invoking its value: %s",
+  (expression, expected) => {
+    const analysis = analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(
+      `${expression}.require('./shared.cjs');`,
+    );
+    expect(analysis.parse_error_count).toBe(0);
+    expect(analysis.references).toEqual(
+      expected
+        ? [expect.objectContaining({ kind: "require", specifier: null })]
+        : [],
+    );
+  },
+);
+
+it.each([
+  ["C.first:new C().second", false],
+  ["C.second:new C().first", true],
+] as const)(
+  "keeps static and instance selector alternatives correlated: %s",
+  (selection, expected) => {
+    const analysis = analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(`
+    class C {
+      static first(){return {}} first(){return module}
+      static second(){return module} second(){return {}}
+    }
+    const selected=flag?${selection};selected().require('./shared.cjs');
+  `);
+    expect(analysis.parse_error_count).toBe(0);
+    expect(analysis.references).toEqual(
+      expected
+        ? [expect.objectContaining({ kind: "require", specifier: null })]
+        : [],
+    );
+  },
+);
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticState.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticState.ts
index 35c8b98008..a7d2c008c4 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticState.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticState.ts
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ const semanticWithPrototypeKind = (
       t.isObjectProperty(property) &&
       !property.computed &&
       !property.shorthand &&
-      t.isIdentifier(property.key, { name: "__proto__" })
+      semanticStaticPropertyKey(property.key, false) === "__proto__"
     )
       return t.isNullLiteral(unwrapJavaScriptExpression(property.value).node)
         ? "null"
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticWrapperAssignments.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticWrapperAssignments.test.ts
index 2c886c27c1..71d6a7e25a 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticWrapperAssignments.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSemanticWrapperAssignments.test.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,58 @@ import { expect, it } from "vitest";
 import { analyzeJavaScriptSemantics } from "./javascriptSemanticAnalysis.js";
 import { topLevelBinding } from "./javascriptSemanticAnalysis.fixture.js";
 import { analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource } from "./javascriptStaticAnalysis.js";
-import { analyzeCommonJsStaticFixture } from "../../../tests/fixtures/javascriptCommonJsAnalysis.js";
+import {
+  analyzeCommonJsStaticFixture,
+  analyzeCommonJsSemanticFixture,
+} from "../../../tests/fixtures/javascriptCommonJsAnalysis.js";
+
+it.each([
+  "Object.assign(module,{require(){return {}}});",
+  "Object.assign(module,{...replacement});",
+  "Object.defineProperties(module,{[key]:{value:()=>({})}});",
+  'Reflect.set(module,"require",()=>({}));',
+  'Reflect.set({},"require",()=>({}),module);',
+  "({x:module.require}={x:replacement});",
+  "[module.require]=[replacement];",
+  "for(module.require of [replacement]){}",
+])("retains uncertainty after a possible delegate replacement: %s", (write) => {
+  const analysis = analyzeCommonJsStaticFixture(`${write}require("electron");`);
+  expect(analysis.references).not.toContainEqual(
+    expect.objectContaining({ kind: "require", specifier: "electron" }),
+  );
+  expect(analysis.references).toContainEqual(
+    expect.objectContaining({ kind: "require", specifier: null }),
+  );
+});
+
+it.each([
+  "Object.assign(module,{other(){}});",
+  "Object.defineProperties(module,{other:{value:()=>({})}});",
+  "Object.assign({},{require(){}});",
+  'Reflect.set(module,"other",()=>({}));',
+  'Reflect.set(module,"require",()=>({}),{});',
+  "({x:module.other}={x:replacement});",
+  "[module.other]=[replacement];",
+  "for(module.other of [replacement]){}",
+])("preserves the host loader after an unrelated write: %s", (write) => {
+  const analysis = analyzeCommonJsStaticFixture(`${write}require("electron");`);
+  expect(analysis.references).toEqual([
+    expect.objectContaining({ kind: "require", specifier: "electron" }),
+  ]);
+});
+
+it.each([
+  "({x:module.require}={x:replacement});",
+  "[module.require]=[replacement];",
+  "for(module.require of [replacement]){}",
+])("preserves a builtin captured before its delegate write: %s", (write) => {
+  const analysis = analyzeCommonJsSemanticFixture(
+    `const fs=require('node:fs');${write}fs.readFileSync('kept');`,
+  );
+  expect(analysis.configurationOperations.map(({ key }) => key)).toEqual([
+    "kept",
+  ]);
+});
 
 it.each([
   'var require;require("./before.cjs");',
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysis.member_path_depth.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysis.member_path_depth.test.ts
index 4dc7bccffb..63ffcf9de6 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysis.member_path_depth.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysis.member_path_depth.test.ts
@@ -76,3 +76,44 @@ it("recognizes a bundler runtime through nested member names", () => {
     modules: [expect.objectContaining({ exports: ["ok"] })],
   });
 });
+
+it.each(["1 as const", "1 satisfies number"])(
+  "keeps numeric bundle identities through erased syntax: %s",
+  (entry) => {
+    const analysis = analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(`
+      globalThis.webpackChunkApp.push([[(${entry})], {
+        1: function(module, exports, req) { req((2 as const)); req.e((3 satisfies number)); },
+        2: function() {}
+      }, function(req) { req((${entry})); }]);
+    `);
+    expect(analysis.parse_error_count).toBe(0);
+    expect(analysis.bundler_registrations).toMatchObject([
+      {
+        chunk_keys: ["1"],
+        unknown_chunk_keys: 0,
+        entry_module_keys: ["1"],
+        unknown_entry_module_keys: 0,
+        async_chunk_keys: ["3"],
+        unknown_async_chunk_keys: 0,
+      },
+    ]);
+    expect(analysis.references).toContainEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        specifier: "2",
+        loader: "factory-loader",
+        module_key: "1",
+      }),
+    );
+  },
+);
+
+it.each(["0, {}", "[], modules"])(
+  "does not grant factory-loader authority to a rejected registration: %s",
+  (entry) => {
+    const analysis = analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(`
+      globalThis.webpackChunkApp.push([${entry}, function(req) { req("electron"); }]);
+    `);
+    expect(analysis.bundler_registrations).toEqual([]);
+    expect(analysis.references).toEqual([]);
+  },
+);
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysis.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysis.ts
index 27082ded33..5bdfa47a04 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysis.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysis.ts
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ export function* analyzeParsedJavaScriptStaticSourceSteps(
     accumulator,
     vitePreloadDependencyTable: indexVitePreloadDependencyTable(
       file.program,
-      bindings.erasedSyntaxNodes,
+      bindings,
     ),
     openReceiverFacts: receivers.openReceivers,
     electronBindings: electronIdentity.bindings,
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisBundler.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisBundler.ts
index dfb3f7cb74..429654af56 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisBundler.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisBundler.ts
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ export const inspectBundlerRegistration = (
   if (runtime === undefined || !t.isArrayExpression(entry)) return;
   const chunkIds = entry.elements[0];
   const table = entry.elements[1];
+  if (!t.isArrayExpression(chunkIds) || !t.isObjectExpression(table)) return;
   const runtimeValue = runtimeMetadata(
     entry.elements[2],
     bindings,
     accumulator,
   );
-  if (!t.isArrayExpression(chunkIds) || !t.isObjectExpression(table)) return;
   const recovered = recoverBundlerModules(source, table, accumulator, {
     runtime,
     bindings,
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisCalls.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisCalls.ts
index 40c1d20abe..4a25d8d23d 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisCalls.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisCalls.ts
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ import type {
 import { VITE_OUTPUT_DEPENDENCY_PREFIX } from "./javascriptStaticAnalysisTypes.js";
 import {
   resolveSemanticBindingState,
+  semanticBindingLookupAt,
   semanticStableInitializer,
   type JavaScriptBindingIndex,
   type JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
@@ -55,7 +56,10 @@ import {
   evaluateSemanticExpression,
   evaluateSemanticExpressionProvenance,
 } from "./javascriptSemanticValues.js";
-import { semanticTopLevelEffectFollowsCapture } from "./javascriptSemanticMutationInitializers.js";
+import {
+  semanticBindingAtRead,
+  semanticTopLevelEffectFollowsCapture,
+} from "./javascriptSemanticMutationInitializers.js";
 import {
   semanticFactoryLoaderMemberAt,
   semanticRequireCallAt,
@@ -411,7 +415,7 @@ const chunkLoadSpecifier = (
 const vitePreloadDependencySpecifiers = (
   node: JavaScriptCallLike,
   name: string,
-  table: readonly (string | undefined)[] | null,
+  table: FindingContext["vitePreloadDependencyTable"],
   bindings: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
 ): readonly (string | undefined)[] => {
   if (
@@ -420,10 +424,23 @@ const vitePreloadDependencySpecifiers = (
     !t.isArrayExpression(node.arguments[0])
   )
     return [];
+  const callee = unwrapJavaScriptExpression(node.callee).node;
+  const lookup = semanticBindingLookupAt(bindings, callee, name);
+  if (lookup.kind !== "binding" && lookup.kind !== "uncertain-binding")
+    return [];
+  const projected = semanticBindingAtRead(lookup.binding, callee, bindings);
+  // An ordered read drops assignments that have not happened yet. An
+  // unresolved read keeps the single stable initializer, which is how a
+  // captured call still names the helper when nothing else writes it.
+  const visible =
+    projected.status === "ordered" ? projected.binding : lookup.binding;
+  if (semanticStableInitializer(visible, bindings)?.node !== table.helper)
+    return [];
   const indexes = node.arguments[0].elements;
   // Explicit cache overrides change which table the helper reads. Retain the
   // call slots as unknown unless every override is statically undefined.
   if (
+    lookup.kind !== "binding" ||
     !node.arguments
       .slice(1)
       .every((argument) => isExplicitDefaultArgument(argument, bindings))
@@ -433,7 +450,7 @@ const vitePreloadDependencySpecifiers = (
     if (element === null || !t.isNumericLiteral(element)) return undefined;
     const index = element.value;
     return Number.isSafeInteger(index) && index >= 0
-      ? viteDependencySpecifier(table[index])
+      ? viteDependencySpecifier(table.dependencies[index])
       : undefined;
   });
 };
@@ -473,8 +490,9 @@ type ViteMapDepsFunction =
 /** Index the canonical Vite helper's cache initializer from parsed syntax. */
 export const indexVitePreloadDependencyTable = (
   program: t.Program,
-  erasedSyntaxNodes: WeakSet<t.Node>,
-): readonly (string | undefined)[] | null => {
+  bindings: JavaScriptSemanticAnalysisState,
+): FindingContext["vitePreloadDependencyTable"] => {
+  const { erasedSyntaxNodes } = bindings;
   const helpers: ViteMapDepsFunction[] = [];
   traverseJavaScriptValueAst(program, erasedSyntaxNodes, {
     enter: (node) => {
@@ -497,7 +515,7 @@ export const indexVitePreloadDependencyTable = (
   const mapIdentifier = t.isAssignmentPattern(mapParameter)
     ? mapParameter.left
     : mapParameter;
-  if (!t.isIdentifier(mapIdentifier)) return [];
+  if (!t.isIdentifier(mapIdentifier)) return { helper, dependencies: [] };
   const tables: t.ArrayExpression[] = [];
   traverseJavaScriptValueAst(helper, erasedSyntaxNodes, {
     skip: (node) => t.isFunction(node),
@@ -515,9 +533,9 @@ export const indexVitePreloadDependencyTable = (
         tables.push(node.right);
     },
   });
-  if (tables.length !== 1) return [];
+  if (tables.length !== 1) return { helper, dependencies: [] };
   const table = tables[0];
-  if (table === undefined) return [];
+  if (table === undefined) return { helper, dependencies: [] };
   // A spread contributes an unknown number of entries, so every later slot
   // has an unknown index; leave those out instead of shifting them.
   const spread = table.elements.findIndex((element) =>
@@ -540,6 +558,17 @@ export const indexVitePreloadDependencyTable = (
         semanticIdentifierRole(node, parent, readAncestors) === null
       )
         return;
+      const lookup = semanticBindingLookupAt(bindings, node, node.name);
+      if (lookup.kind === "ambient" || lookup.kind === "captured") return;
+      if (lookup.kind === "binding" || lookup.kind === "uncertain-binding") {
+        // A later reassignment removes the whole-binding initializer. The
+        // mutation is still the helper when the ordered read at this site is.
+        const projected = semanticBindingAtRead(lookup.binding, node, bindings);
+        const visible =
+          projected.status === "ordered" ? projected.binding : lookup.binding;
+        if (semanticStableInitializer(visible, bindings)?.node !== helper)
+          return;
+      }
       if (
         (t.isCallExpression(parent) || t.isOptionalCallExpression(parent)) &&
         parent.callee === node
@@ -548,7 +577,12 @@ export const indexVitePreloadDependencyTable = (
       escapedOrMutated = true;
     },
   });
-  return escapedOrMutated ? dependencies.map(() => undefined) : dependencies;
+  return {
+    helper,
+    dependencies: escapedOrMutated
+      ? dependencies.map(() => undefined)
+      : dependencies,
+  };
 };
 
 const requestConstructorUrl = (
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisHelpers.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisHelpers.ts
index 209b3eacdd..25862ab5a8 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisHelpers.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisHelpers.ts
@@ -769,8 +769,11 @@ export const stringValue = (
 /** Return a string or numeric argument literal. */
 export const argumentValue = (
   node: t.Node | null | undefined,
-): string | undefined =>
-  t.isNumericLiteral(node) ? String(node.value) : stringValue(node);
+): string | undefined => {
+  if (node === null || node === undefined) return undefined;
+  const value = unwrapJavaScriptExpression(node).node;
+  return t.isNumericLiteral(value) ? String(value.value) : stringValue(value);
+};
 
 /** Prefix a static argument value when one is available. */
 export const prefixedArgument = (
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisState.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisState.ts
index 04c179262b..3025fc01fd 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisState.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticAnalysisState.ts
@@ -133,7 +133,10 @@ export interface JavaScriptFindingContext {
   readonly expressionShapes: JavaScriptExpressionShapeResolver;
   readonly source: string;
   readonly accumulator: JavaScriptAnalysisAccumulator;
-  readonly vitePreloadDependencyTable: readonly (string | undefined)[] | null;
+  readonly vitePreloadDependencyTable: {
+    readonly helper: t.Node;
+    readonly dependencies: readonly (string | undefined)[];
+  } | null;
   readonly openReceiverFacts?: ReadonlyMap<number, JavaScriptOpenReceiverFact>;
   /** Proven Electron export path segments by root offset. */
   readonly electronBindings?: ReadonlyMap<number, readonly string[]>;
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticApiIdentity.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticApiIdentity.test.ts
index 9f13dc990d..c8d85e3194 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticApiIdentity.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptStaticApiIdentity.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { expect, it } from "vitest";
 
 import { analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource } from "./javascriptStaticAnalysis.js";
+import { analyzeCommonJsStaticFixture } from "../../../tests/fixtures/javascriptCommonJsAnalysis.js";
 
 const windowPrefix =
   "import {BrowserWindow} from 'electron'; import {fileURLToPath} from 'node:url';";
@@ -152,3 +153,52 @@ it("keeps a reused renderer receiver uncertain after its native method call", ()
     "independent.html",
   ]);
 });
+
+it.each([
+  ["untouched exports", "", 1],
+  [
+    "object-pattern exports write",
+    "({value: module.exports} = replacement);",
+    0,
+  ],
+  ["array-pattern exports write", "[module.exports] = replacement;", 0],
+  ["loop-target exports write", "for (module.exports of replacement) {}", 0],
+] as const)(
+  "requires intact bootstrap exports after %s",
+  (_name, write, expected) => {
+    const source = `(() => {
+      const table = {
+        external(module, exports, load) { module.exports = require('electron'); },
+        entry(module, exports, load) { new (load('external').BrowserWindow)(); }
+      };
+      function load(key) {
+        const module = {exports: {}};
+        table[key](module, module.exports, load);
+        ${write}
+        return module.exports;
+      }
+      load('entry');
+    })();`;
+    const observed: string[] = [];
+    const windowClass = (identity: string) =>
+      class {
+        constructor() {
+          observed.push(identity);
+        }
+      };
+    const local = { BrowserWindow: windowClass("replacement") };
+    runInNewContext(source, {
+      replacement: Object.assign([local], { value: local }),
+      require: (specifier: string) => {
+        expect(specifier).toBe("electron");
+        return { BrowserWindow: windowClass("electron") };
+      },
+    });
+    expect(observed).toEqual([expected === 1 ? "electron" : "replacement"]);
+    expect(
+      analyzeCommonJsStaticFixture(source).electron.browser_windows,
+    ).toHaveLength(expected);
+  },
+);
+
+import { runInNewContext } from "node:vm";
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSymbolicBindings.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSymbolicBindings.test.ts
index 5f27f27619..abdafa1fb9 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSymbolicBindings.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSymbolicBindings.test.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   traverseJavaScriptAst,
 } from "./javascriptSemanticTraversal.js";
 import { JavaScriptSymbolicBindings } from "./javascriptSymbolicBindings.js";
+import { analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource } from "./javascriptStaticAnalysis.js";
 import {
   symbolicTruth,
   symbolicVariants,
@@ -1076,3 +1077,94 @@ it("retains each external selection guard once across deep member reads", () =>
   });
   expect(resolver.truncated).toBe(false);
 });
+
+it.each([
+  [
+    "module property after replacement",
+    'module.exports={api:null};module.exports.api=require("electron");',
+    { kind: "external", loaderAuthority: "candidate", path: ["electron"] },
+  ],
+  [
+    "module property overwritten after replacement",
+    'module.exports={api:require("electron")};module.exports.api=null;',
+    { kind: "literal", value: null },
+  ],
+  [
+    "detached exports property",
+    'module.exports={api:null};exports.api=require("electron");',
+    { kind: "literal", value: null },
+  ],
+  [
+    "rebound exports parameter",
+    'module.exports={api:null};exports={api:require("electron")};',
+    { kind: "literal", value: null },
+  ],
+  [
+    "identity-preserving module write",
+    'module.exports=module.exports;exports.api=require("electron");',
+    { kind: "external", loaderAuthority: "candidate", path: ["electron"] },
+  ],
+  [
+    "identity-preserving original exports write",
+    'module.exports=exports;exports.api=require("electron");',
+    { kind: "external", loaderAuthority: "candidate", path: ["electron"] },
+  ],
+  [
+    "reconnected exports parameter",
+    'module.exports={api:null};exports=module.exports;exports.api=require("electron");',
+    { kind: "external", loaderAuthority: "candidate", path: ["electron"] },
+  ],
+  [
+    "rebound module parameter",
+    'module={exports:{}};module.exports.api=require("electron");',
+    { kind: "unknown", reason: "ambiguous export writes" },
+  ],
+] as const)("retains namespace write order for %s", (_name, body, expected) => {
+  const value = inspectOne(`(() => {
+    const modules={
+      1(module,exports){${body}},
+      2(module,exports,load){inspect(load(1).api);}
+    };
+    function load(id){const m={exports:{}};modules[id](m,m.exports,load);return m.exports;}
+    load(2);
+  })();`);
+  expect(value).toEqual(expected);
+});
+
+it("lists members added to the public module object after its replacement", () => {
+  const { resolver, values } = inspectFixture(`(() => {
+    const modules={
+      1(module,exports){module.exports={first:1};module.exports.later=2;exports.detached=3;},
+      2(module,exports,load){inspect(load(1));}
+    };
+    function load(id){const m={exports:{}};modules[id](m,m.exports,load);return m.exports;}
+    load(2);
+  })();`);
+  expect(values).toHaveLength(1);
+  expect(resolver.members(values[0]!)).toEqual(["first", "later"]);
+});
+
+it("derives bridge paths from the latest public module member writes", () => {
+  const result = analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(`(() => {
+    const modules={
+      1(module,exports){
+        const e=require("electron");
+        module.exports={action:()=>e.ipcRenderer.send("stale")};
+        module.exports.action=()=>e.ipcRenderer.send("current");
+        exports.detached=()=>e.ipcRenderer.send("detached");
+      },
+      2(module,exports,load){
+        const api=load(1);
+        require("electron").contextBridge.exposeInMainWorld("desktop",api);
+      }
+    };
+    function load(id){const m={exports:{}};modules[id](m,m.exports,load);return m.exports;}
+    load(2);
+  })();`);
+  expect(
+    result.electron.call_paths?.map(({ entry, channel }) => ({
+      entry,
+      channel,
+    })),
+  ).toEqual([{ entry: "desktop.action", channel: "current" }]);
+});
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSymbolicBindings.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSymbolicBindings.ts
index 18a706a616..bd0df9cc1e 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSymbolicBindings.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptSymbolicBindings.ts
@@ -52,6 +52,9 @@ interface PropertyWrite {
   readonly path: readonly string[];
   readonly value: t.Node;
   readonly site: t.Node;
+  readonly exportReceiver?: "module" | "exports";
+  readonly exportValueReceiver?: "module" | "exports";
+  readonly receiverUncertain?: true;
 }
 interface SymbolicReturnFlow extends SymbolicMetadata {
   readonly values: readonly SymbolicValue[];
@@ -198,6 +201,12 @@ export class JavaScriptSymbolicBindings {
         }
       },
     });
+    for (const writes of this.#writes.values())
+      writes.sort(
+        (left, right) =>
+          (left.site.end ?? Infinity) - (right.site.end ?? Infinity) ||
+          (right.site.start ?? 0) - (left.site.start ?? 0),
+      );
     for (const table of this.#bootstrapTables)
       this.#invalidateBootstrapTable(table.tableAliases, table.modules);
   }
@@ -396,19 +405,19 @@ export class JavaScriptSymbolicBindings {
         this.unresolved = true;
         return symbolicUnknown("module export read boundary is unavailable");
       }
-      const replacement = available.findLast(
-        (write) => write.path.length === 0,
+      const write = available.findLast(
+        (write) =>
+          write.path.length === 0 ||
+          (write.path.length === 1 && write.path[0] === key),
       );
-      if (replacement)
+      if (write?.receiverUncertain)
+        return symbolicUnknown("uncertain export receiver");
+      if (write?.path.length === 0)
         return this.property(
-          this.evaluate(replacement.value, value.environment),
+          this.evaluate(write.value, value.environment),
           key,
           read,
         );
-      const writes = available.filter(
-        (w) => w.path.length === 1 && w.path[0] === key,
-      );
-      const write = writes.at(-1);
       return write
         ? this.evaluate(write.value, value.environment)
         : symbolicUnknown("unresolved module export");
@@ -509,19 +518,23 @@ export class JavaScriptSymbolicBindings {
       if (value.kind === "namespace") {
         const available = this.#namespaceWrites(value);
         if (available === undefined) return [];
-        const replacement = available.findLast(
+        const replacementIndex = available.findLastIndex(
           (write) => write.path.length === 0,
         );
-        return replacement
-          ? this.members(
-              this.evaluate(replacement.value, value.environment),
-              active,
-            )
-          : [
-              ...new Set(
-                available.flatMap((w) => (w.path.length === 1 ? w.path : [])),
-              ),
-            ];
+        const replacement = available[replacementIndex];
+        return [
+          ...new Set([
+            ...(replacement === undefined
+              ? []
+              : this.members(
+                  this.evaluate(replacement.value, value.environment),
+                  active,
+                )),
+            ...available
+              .slice(replacementIndex + 1)
+              .flatMap((write) => (write.path.length === 1 ? write.path : [])),
+          ]),
+        ];
       }
       if (value.kind !== "object") return [];
       return [
@@ -563,6 +576,7 @@ export class JavaScriptSymbolicBindings {
         if (this.#mutated.has(value.bindingId)) return 1;
         const available = this.#namespaceWrites(value);
         if (available === undefined) return 1;
+        if (available.some((write) => write.receiverUncertain)) return 1;
         const replacement = available.findLast(
           (write) => write.path.length === 0,
         );
@@ -1043,7 +1057,9 @@ export class JavaScriptSymbolicBindings {
     if (boundary !== undefined && sourcePoint == null) return undefined;
     if (completedAt !== undefined && completedAt.end == null) return undefined;
     if (sourcePoint == null && completedAt === undefined)
-      return read === undefined ? writes : undefined;
+      return read === undefined
+        ? this.#publicNamespaceWrites(writes)
+        : undefined;
     // An owned snapshot cannot read beyond either its capture or this exit.
     const point = Math.min(
       sourcePoint ?? Infinity,
@@ -1069,17 +1085,84 @@ export class JavaScriptSymbolicBindings {
         }
       }
     }
-    return writes.filter(
-      (write) =>
-        write.site.end != null &&
-        write.site.end <= point &&
-        (changed.size === 0 ||
-          (write.path.length > 0
-            ? !changed.has(write.path[0]!)
-            : selectedKey !== undefined && !changed.has(selectedKey))),
+    return this.#publicNamespaceWrites(
+      writes.filter(
+        (write) =>
+          write.site.end != null &&
+          write.site.end <= point &&
+          (changed.size === 0 ||
+            (write.path.length > 0
+              ? !changed.has(write.path[0]!)
+              : selectedKey !== undefined && !changed.has(selectedKey))),
+      ),
     );
   }
 
+  /** Keep publication separate from writes through a detached or rebound alias. */
+  #publicNamespaceWrites(
+    writes: readonly PropertyWrite[],
+  ): readonly PropertyWrite[] {
+    let relation: "connected" | "detached" | "uncertain" = "connected";
+    const published: PropertyWrite[] = [];
+    for (const write of writes) {
+      if (write.path.length === 0 && write.exportReceiver === "exports") {
+        if (write.exportValueReceiver === "module") relation = "connected";
+        else if (write.exportValueReceiver !== "exports")
+          relation = "uncertain";
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (write.path.length === 0 && write.exportReceiver === "module") {
+        if (
+          write.exportValueReceiver === "module" ||
+          (write.exportValueReceiver === "exports" && relation === "connected")
+        )
+          continue;
+        relation =
+          write.exportValueReceiver === "exports"
+            ? "connected"
+            : relation === "uncertain"
+              ? "uncertain"
+              : "detached";
+      }
+      if (write.exportReceiver === "exports") {
+        if (relation === "detached") continue;
+        if (relation === "uncertain") {
+          published.push({ ...write, receiverUncertain: true });
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+      published.push(write);
+    }
+    return published;
+  }
+
+  #exportValueReceiver(
+    input: t.Node,
+    alias: string,
+  ): "module" | "exports" | undefined {
+    const expression = unwrapJavaScriptExpression(input).node;
+    const node = t.isAssignmentExpression(expression, { operator: "=" })
+      ? expression.left
+      : expression;
+    const root = t.isMemberExpression(node) ? node.object : node;
+    if (!t.isIdentifier(root)) return undefined;
+    const binding = resolveSemanticBindingState(this.state, root, root.name);
+    if (
+      binding === undefined ||
+      this.#exportAliases.get(binding.bindingId) !== alias
+    )
+      return undefined;
+    if (t.isIdentifier(node))
+      return this.#moduleBindings.has(binding.bindingId)
+        ? undefined
+        : "exports";
+    return t.isMemberExpression(node) &&
+      this.#moduleBindings.has(binding.bindingId) &&
+      semanticStaticPropertyKey(node.property, node.computed) === "exports"
+      ? "module"
+      : undefined;
+  }
+
   #completeNamespace(
     value: SymbolicNamespace,
     point: t.Node,
@@ -1548,6 +1631,14 @@ export class JavaScriptSymbolicBindings {
     const binding = resolveSemanticBindingState(this.state, root, root.name);
     if (!binding) return;
     const alias = this.#exportAliases.get(binding.bindingId);
+    if (
+      alias &&
+      this.#moduleBindings.has(binding.bindingId) &&
+      path.length === 0
+    ) {
+      this.#mutated.add(alias);
+      return;
+    }
     if (this.#moduleBindings.has(binding.bindingId) && path[0] !== "exports")
       return;
     const key = alias ?? binding.bindingId;
@@ -1577,7 +1668,25 @@ export class JavaScriptSymbolicBindings {
       }
     }
     const writes = this.#writes.get(key) ?? [];
-    writes.push({ path: selected, value, site });
+    const exportValueReceiver =
+      alias !== undefined &&
+      selected.length === 0 &&
+      t.isAssignmentExpression(value, { operator: "=" })
+        ? this.#exportValueReceiver(value.right, alias)
+        : undefined;
+    writes.push({
+      path: selected,
+      value,
+      site,
+      ...(alias === undefined
+        ? {}
+        : {
+            exportReceiver: this.#moduleBindings.has(binding.bindingId)
+              ? ("module" as const)
+              : ("exports" as const),
+          }),
+      ...(exportValueReceiver === undefined ? {} : { exportValueReceiver }),
+    });
     this.#writes.set(key, writes);
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptVitePreloadDependencies.test.ts b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptVitePreloadDependencies.test.ts
index 27554181c6..3188c1dd96 100644
--- a/src/domain/javascript/javascriptVitePreloadDependencies.test.ts
+++ b/src/domain/javascript/javascriptVitePreloadDependencies.test.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from "vitest";
 
-import { analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource } from "./javascriptStaticAnalysis.js";
+import {
+  analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource,
+  analyzeParsedJavaScriptStaticSource,
+} from "./javascriptStaticAnalysis.js";
+import { parseJavaScriptSource } from "./javascriptSourceParser.js";
 
 describe("Vite preload dependency recovery", () => {
   it("decodes helper table values and preserves sparse and dynamic slots", () => {
@@ -143,3 +147,109 @@ describe("Vite preload dependency recovery", () => {
     ]);
   });
 });
+
+it.each([
+  {
+    name: "canonical declaration",
+    prefix: "",
+    suffix: "__vite__mapDeps([0]);",
+    specifiers: ["./canonical.js"],
+  },
+  {
+    name: "captured outer binding",
+    prefix: "",
+    suffix: "function load(){return __vite__mapDeps([0]);}load();",
+    specifiers: ["./canonical.js"],
+  },
+  {
+    name: "shadowed parameter",
+    prefix: "",
+    suffix:
+      "function load(__vite__mapDeps){return __vite__mapDeps([0]);}load(()=>[]);",
+    specifiers: [],
+  },
+  {
+    name: "out-of-scope declaration",
+    prefix: "function setup(){",
+    suffix: "}__vite__mapDeps([0]);",
+    specifiers: [],
+  },
+  {
+    name: "unrelated shadowed cache mutation",
+    prefix: "",
+    suffix:
+      "function change(__vite__mapDeps){__vite__mapDeps.f=['./other.js'];}__vite__mapDeps([0]);",
+    specifiers: ["./canonical.js"],
+  },
+  {
+    name: "uncertain with receiver",
+    prefix: "",
+    suffix: "with(unknown){__vite__mapDeps([0]);}",
+    specifiers: [null],
+  },
+  {
+    name: "uncertain with mutation",
+    prefix: "",
+    suffix:
+      "with(unknown){__vite__mapDeps.f=['./other.js'];}__vite__mapDeps([0]);",
+    specifiers: [null],
+  },
+])(
+  "uses the canonical helper's lexical identity for $name",
+  ({ prefix, suffix, specifiers }) => {
+    const source = `${prefix}
+    const __vite__mapDeps = (indexes, map = __vite__mapDeps, dependencies =
+      (map.f || (map.f = ["./canonical.js"]))) => indexes.map((index) => dependencies[index]);
+    ${suffix}
+  `;
+    const parsed = parseJavaScriptSource(source, "preload.cjs");
+    expect(parsed).not.toBeNull();
+    if (parsed === null) throw new Error("preload fixture did not parse");
+    const analysis = analyzeParsedJavaScriptStaticSource(source, parsed);
+    expect(analysis.parse_error_count).toBe(0);
+    expect(
+      analysis.references
+        .filter(({ kind }) => kind === "dynamic-import")
+        .map(({ specifier }) => specifier),
+    ).toEqual(specifiers);
+  },
+);
+
+it("keeps a preload call that precedes a later helper reassignment", () => {
+  const specifiers = (source: string) =>
+    analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(source)
+      .references.filter(({ kind }) => kind === "dynamic-import")
+      .map(({ specifier }) => specifier);
+  const helper = `let __vite__mapDeps = (indexes, map = __vite__mapDeps, dependencies =
+      (map.f || (map.f = ["./canonical.js"]))) => indexes.map((index) => dependencies[index]);`;
+  expect(
+    specifiers(`${helper} __vite__mapDeps([0]); __vite__mapDeps = () => [];`),
+  ).toEqual(["./canonical.js"]);
+  expect(
+    specifiers(`${helper} __vite__mapDeps = () => []; __vite__mapDeps([0]);`),
+  ).toEqual([]);
+  expect(
+    specifiers(
+      `${helper} __vite__mapDeps.f = ["./changed.js"]; __vite__mapDeps([0]); __vite__mapDeps = other;`,
+    ),
+  ).toEqual([null]);
+  expect(
+    specifiers(
+      `${helper} __vite__mapDeps([0]); __vite__mapDeps = other; __vite__mapDeps.f = ["./changed.js"];`,
+    ),
+  ).toEqual(["./canonical.js"]);
+});
+
+it("retains the identity of a function-declared preload helper", () => {
+  const analysis = analyzeJavaScriptStaticSource(`
+    function __vite__mapDeps(indexes, map = __vite__mapDeps, dependencies =
+      (map.f || (map.f = ["./canonical.js"]))) { return indexes.map((index) => dependencies[index]); }
+    __vite__mapDeps([0]);
+  `);
+  expect(analysis.parse_error_count).toBe(0);
+  expect(
+    analysis.references
+      .filter(({ kind }) => kind === "dynamic-import")
+      .map(({ specifier }) => specifier),
+  ).toEqual(["./canonical.js"]);
+});
diff --git a/tests/acceptance/applications/applicationWorkflowCli.test.ts b/tests/acceptance/applications/applicationWorkflowCli.test.ts
index 1c1b5d4c1d..266b8748bd 100644
--- a/tests/acceptance/applications/applicationWorkflowCli.test.ts
+++ b/tests/acceptance/applications/applicationWorkflowCli.test.ts
@@ -923,12 +923,27 @@ it("traces all endpoint carriers and their response consumers through CLI and MC
     "response",
   ]);
   const response = carriers.find(({ kind }) => kind === "response");
-  if (response === undefined) throw new Error("Expected matching response");
+  const request = carriers.find(({ kind }) => kind === "request");
+  if (response === undefined || request === undefined)
+    throw new Error("Expected matching request and response");
   const consumer = graph.relations.find(
     ({ source_node_id, relation }) =>
       source_node_id === response.node_id && relation === "consumed-by",
   );
-  expect(consumer).toMatchObject({ resolution: "resolved" });
+  const requestLink = graph.relations.find(
+    ({ source_node_id, target_node_id, relation }) =>
+      source_node_id === request.node_id &&
+      target_node_id === response.node_id &&
+      relation === "consumed-by",
+  );
+  expect(consumer).toMatchObject({
+    resolution: "resolved",
+    properties: { method: "json" },
+  });
+  expect(requestLink).toMatchObject({
+    resolution: "resolved",
+    properties: { method: "json" },
+  });
   const client = await connectedMcpClient();
   const trace = async (seed: JavaScriptSemanticQueryInput["seed"]) => {
     const input = {
@@ -980,13 +995,13 @@ it("traces all endpoint carriers and their response consumers through CLI and MC
     "request",
     "response",
   ]);
-  expect(selected.relations).toEqual([consumer]);
+  expect(selected.relations).toEqual([requestLink, consumer]);
   expect(selected).toMatchObject({
     status: "ambiguous",
     summary: {
       total_seed_matches: 2,
       traversed_nodes: 3,
-      traversed_relations: 1,
+      traversed_relations: 2,
     },
     coverage: { status: "partial" },
   });