fix(javascript): preserve TypeScript loader and dependency semantics

Share loader selection across static findings and module relationships: CTS static imports and re-exports use CommonJS lookup while dynamic imports retain ESM lookup. Retain runtime import-equals dependencies, bindings, and exported names; do not resolve require file-URL strings as local artifacts. Restore import-map descriptions in CLI help.

Validated resolver and semantic tests, application reconstruction boundaries, and CLI help. Installed TypeScript NodeNext emission and Node require behavior were checked independently. Refs #2056, #2057, #2058, #2053.

src/application/javascript/JavaScriptArtifactGraphFindings.ts

@@ -22,7 +22,10 @@ import {
   astObservationEvidence,
   staticInferenceEvidence,
 } from "./JavaScriptArtifactGraphEvidence.js";
-import { resolveArtifactPathByContext } from "./JavaScriptArtifactPathResolution.js";
+import {
+  moduleKindForJavaScriptReference,
+  resolveArtifactPathByContext,
+} from "./JavaScriptArtifactPathResolution.js";
 
 type StaticReference = JavaScriptStaticAnalysis["references"][number];
 type StaticEndpoint = JavaScriptStaticAnalysis["endpoints"][number];
@@ -400,12 +403,11 @@ const resolveReference = (
           specifier,
           sourcePath,
           context.filesByPath,
-          reference.kind === "require"
-            ? "require"
-            : reference.kind === "static-import" ||
-                reference.kind === "dynamic-import"
-              ? "import"
-              : undefined,
+          reference.kind === "require" ||
+            reference.kind === "static-import" ||
+            reference.kind === "dynamic-import"
+            ? moduleKindForJavaScriptReference(sourcePath, reference.kind)
+            : undefined,
         );
   if (path === null) return null;
   const file = context.filesByPath.get(path);

src/application/javascript/JavaScriptArtifactPathResolution.test.ts

@@ -576,6 +576,27 @@ describe("contextual JavaScript artifact path resolution", () => {
   });
 });
 
+describe("CommonJS file URL resolution", () => {
+  it("keeps file URL resolution specific to the import loader", () => {
+    const files = fileMap([file("entry.cjs", "root"), file("dep.cjs", "root")]);
+    const input = {
+      declaredPath: "file:///dep.cjs",
+      sourcePath: "entry.cjs",
+      context: "module-specifier" as const,
+      files,
+    };
+
+    expect(resolve({ ...input, moduleKind: "require" })).toMatchObject({
+      resolution_status: "external",
+      resolved_path: null,
+    });
+    expect(resolve({ ...input, moduleKind: "import" })).toMatchObject({
+      resolution_status: "resolved",
+      resolved_path: "dep.cjs",
+    });
+  });
+});
+
 describe("contextual JavaScript package path resolution", () => {
   it("follows package entrypoints beyond the former recursion ceiling", () => {
     const files = fileMap([

src/application/javascript/JavaScriptArtifactPathResolution.ts

@@ -64,6 +64,17 @@ export interface ResolveArtifactPathInput {
   readonly moduleKind?: "import" | "require";
 }
 
+/** Loader selected by a source-level JavaScript module reference. */
+export const moduleKindForJavaScriptReference = (
+  sourcePath: string,
+  referenceKind: "static-import" | "dynamic-import" | "require",
+): "import" | "require" =>
+  referenceKind === "require" ||
+  (referenceKind === "static-import" &&
+    posix.extname(sourcePath).toLowerCase() === ".cts")
+    ? "require"
+    : "import";
+
 const EXTENSIONS = [
   ".js",
   ".cjs",
@@ -189,7 +200,12 @@ const contextualCandidate = (
   if (context === "html-reference") return htmlCandidate(input);
   if (context === "module-specifier") {
     const fileUrl = fileUrlPath(declared);
-    if (fileUrl !== undefined) return fileUrl;
+    if (fileUrl !== undefined)
+      return input.moduleKind === "require"
+        ? unresolvedCandidate("external", [
+            "Node CommonJS require specifiers do not resolve file URLs as local artifacts.",
+          ])
+        : fileUrl;
     if (hasScheme(declared))
       return unresolvedCandidate("external", [
         "URL and Node builtin schemes are outside static artifact module resolution.",

src/application/javascript/JavaScriptModuleRelationships.ts

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import {
   staticInferenceEvidence,
 } from "./JavaScriptArtifactGraphEvidence.js";
 import {
+  moduleKindForJavaScriptReference,
   resolveArtifactPathByContext,
   type ArtifactPathResolution,
 } from "./JavaScriptArtifactPathResolution.js";
@@ -275,10 +276,12 @@ const resolveModuleTarget = (
     sourcePath: input.file.path,
     context: "module-specifier",
     files: input.context.filesByPath,
-    moduleKind:
+    moduleKind: moduleKindForJavaScriptReference(
+      input.file.path,
       input.link.kind === "require" || input.link.kind === "commonjs-export"
         ? "require"
-        : "import",
+        : "static-import",
+    ),
   });
   if (resolution.resolution_status !== "resolved")
     return {
@@ -423,8 +426,8 @@ const moduleFormat = (
   ir: JavaScriptModuleSemanticIr,
 ): "commonjs" | "esm" | "mixed" | "unknown" => {
   const extension = posix.extname(path).toLowerCase();
-  if (extension === ".mjs") return "esm";
-  if (extension === ".cjs") return "commonjs";
+  if (extension === ".mjs" || extension === ".mts") return "esm";
+  if (extension === ".cjs" || extension === ".cts") return "commonjs";
   const esm = ir.moduleLinks.some(({ kind }) =>
     ["import", "export", "re-export"].includes(kind),
   );